luau/Analysis/src/TypeInfer.cpp

// This file is part of the Luau programming language and is licensed under MIT License; see LICENSE.txt for details
#include "Luau/TypeInfer.h"

#include "Luau/Clone.h"
#include "Luau/Common.h"
#include "Luau/Instantiation.h"
#include "Luau/ModuleResolver.h"
#include "Luau/Normalize.h"
#include "Luau/Parser.h"
#include "Luau/Quantify.h"
#include "Luau/RecursionCounter.h"
#include "Luau/Scope.h"
#include "Luau/Substitution.h"
#include "Luau/TimeTrace.h"
#include "Luau/TopoSortStatements.h"
#include "Luau/ToString.h"
#include "Luau/ToString.h"
#include "Luau/TypePack.h"
#include "Luau/TypeUtils.h"
#include "Luau/TypeVar.h"
#include "Luau/VisitTypeVar.h"

#include <algorithm>
#include <iterator>

LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(DebugLuauMagicTypes, false)
LUAU_FASTINTVARIABLE(LuauTypeInferRecursionLimit, 165)
LUAU_FASTINTVARIABLE(LuauTypeInferIterationLimit, 20000)
LUAU_FASTINTVARIABLE(LuauTypeInferTypePackLoopLimit, 5000)
LUAU_FASTINTVARIABLE(LuauCheckRecursionLimit, 300)
LUAU_FASTINTVARIABLE(LuauVisitRecursionLimit, 500)
LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauKnowsTheDataModel3)
LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauAutocompleteDynamicLimits)
LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauLowerBoundsCalculation, false)
LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(DebugLuauFreezeDuringUnification, false)
LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauSelfCallAutocompleteFix2, false)
LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauReduceUnionRecursion, false)
LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauOnlyMutateInstantiatedTables, false)
LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauUnsealedTableLiteral, false)
LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauReturnAnyInsteadOfICE, false) // Eventually removed as false.
LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauNormalizeFlagIsConservative)
LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauReturnTypeInferenceInNonstrict, false)
LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauRecursionLimitException, false);
LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauApplyTypeFunctionFix, false);
LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauAlwaysQuantify, false);
LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauReportErrorsOnIndexerKeyMismatch, false)
LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauQuantifyConstrained)
LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauFalsyPredicateReturnsNilInstead, false)
LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauNonCopyableTypeVarFields, false)

namespace Luau
{

const char* TimeLimitError::what() const throw()
{
    return "Typeinfer failed to complete in allotted time";
}

static bool typeCouldHaveMetatable(TypeId ty)
{
    return get<TableTypeVar>(follow(ty)) || get<ClassTypeVar>(follow(ty)) || get<MetatableTypeVar>(follow(ty));
}

static void defaultLuauPrintLine(const std::string& s)
{
    printf("%s\n", s.c_str());
}

using PrintLineProc = decltype(&defaultLuauPrintLine);

static PrintLineProc luauPrintLine = &defaultLuauPrintLine;

void setPrintLine(PrintLineProc pl)
{
    luauPrintLine = pl;
}

void resetPrintLine()
{
    luauPrintLine = &defaultLuauPrintLine;
}

bool doesCallError(const AstExprCall* call)
{
    const AstExprGlobal* global = call->func->as<AstExprGlobal>();
    if (!global)
        return false;

    if (global->name == "error")
        return true;
    else if (global->name == "assert")
    {
        // assert() will error because it is missing the first argument
        if (call->args.size == 0)
            return true;

        if (AstExprConstantBool* expr = call->args.data[0]->as<AstExprConstantBool>())
            if (!expr->value)
                return true;
    }

    return false;
}

bool hasBreak(AstStat* node)
{
    if (AstStatBlock* stat = node->as<AstStatBlock>())
    {
        for (size_t i = 0; i < stat->body.size; ++i)
        {
            if (hasBreak(stat->body.data[i]))
                return true;
        }

        return false;
    }
    else if (node->is<AstStatBreak>())
    {
        return true;
    }
    else if (AstStatIf* stat = node->as<AstStatIf>())
    {
        if (hasBreak(stat->thenbody))
            return true;

        if (stat->elsebody && hasBreak(stat->elsebody))
            return true;

        return false;
    }
    else
    {
        return false;
    }
}

static bool hasReturn(const AstStat* node)
{
    struct Searcher : AstVisitor
    {
        bool result = false;

        bool visit(AstStat*) override
        {
            return !result; // if we've already found a return statement, don't bother to traverse inward anymore
        }

        bool visit(AstStatReturn*) override
        {
            result = true;
            return false;
        }

        bool visit(AstExprFunction*) override
        {
            return false; // We don't care if the function uses a lambda that itself returns
        }
    };

    Searcher searcher;
    const_cast<AstStat*>(node)->visit(&searcher);
    return searcher.result;
}

// returns the last statement before the block exits, or nullptr if the block never exits
const AstStat* getFallthrough(const AstStat* node)
{
    if (const AstStatBlock* stat = node->as<AstStatBlock>())
    {
        if (stat->body.size == 0)
            return stat;

        for (size_t i = 0; i < stat->body.size - 1; ++i)
        {
            if (getFallthrough(stat->body.data[i]) == nullptr)
                return nullptr;
        }

        return getFallthrough(stat->body.data[stat->body.size - 1]);
    }
    else if (const AstStatIf* stat = node->as<AstStatIf>())
    {
        if (const AstStat* thenf = getFallthrough(stat->thenbody))
            return thenf;

        if (stat->elsebody)
        {
            if (const AstStat* elsef = getFallthrough(stat->elsebody))
                return elsef;

            return nullptr;
        }
        else
        {
            return stat;
        }
    }
    else if (node->is<AstStatReturn>())
    {
        return nullptr;
    }
    else if (const AstStatExpr* stat = node->as<AstStatExpr>())
    {
        if (AstExprCall* call = stat->expr->as<AstExprCall>())
        {
            if (doesCallError(call))
                return nullptr;
        }

        return stat;
    }
    else if (const AstStatWhile* stat = node->as<AstStatWhile>())
    {
        if (AstExprConstantBool* expr = stat->condition->as<AstExprConstantBool>())
        {
            if (expr->value && !hasBreak(stat->body))
                return nullptr;
        }

        return node;
    }
    else if (const AstStatRepeat* stat = node->as<AstStatRepeat>())
    {
        if (AstExprConstantBool* expr = stat->condition->as<AstExprConstantBool>())
        {
            if (!expr->value && !hasBreak(stat->body))
                return nullptr;
        }

        if (getFallthrough(stat->body) == nullptr)
            return nullptr;

        return node;
    }
    else
    {
        return node;
    }
}

static bool isMetamethod(const Name& name)
{
    return name == "__index" || name == "__newindex" || name == "__call" || name == "__concat" || name == "__unm" || name == "__add" ||
           name == "__sub" || name == "__mul" || name == "__div" || name == "__mod" || name == "__pow" || name == "__tostring" ||
           name == "__metatable" || name == "__eq" || name == "__lt" || name == "__le" || name == "__mode";
}

size_t HashBoolNamePair::operator()(const std::pair<bool, Name>& pair) const
{
    return std::hash<bool>()(pair.first) ^ std::hash<Name>()(pair.second);
}

TypeChecker::TypeChecker(ModuleResolver* resolver, InternalErrorReporter* iceHandler)
    : resolver(resolver)
    , iceHandler(iceHandler)
    , unifierState(iceHandler)
    , nilType(getSingletonTypes().nilType)
    , numberType(getSingletonTypes().numberType)
    , stringType(getSingletonTypes().stringType)
    , booleanType(getSingletonTypes().booleanType)
    , threadType(getSingletonTypes().threadType)
    , anyType(getSingletonTypes().anyType)
    , anyTypePack(getSingletonTypes().anyTypePack)
    , duplicateTypeAliases{{false, {}}}
{
    globalScope = std::make_shared<Scope>(globalTypes.addTypePack(TypePackVar{FreeTypePack{TypeLevel{}}}));

    globalScope->exportedTypeBindings["any"] = TypeFun{{}, anyType};
    globalScope->exportedTypeBindings["nil"] = TypeFun{{}, nilType};
    globalScope->exportedTypeBindings["number"] = TypeFun{{}, numberType};
    globalScope->exportedTypeBindings["string"] = TypeFun{{}, stringType};
    globalScope->exportedTypeBindings["boolean"] = TypeFun{{}, booleanType};
    globalScope->exportedTypeBindings["thread"] = TypeFun{{}, threadType};
}

ModulePtr TypeChecker::check(const SourceModule& module, Mode mode, std::optional<ScopePtr> environmentScope)
{
    if (FFlag::LuauRecursionLimitException)
    {
        try
        {
            return checkWithoutRecursionCheck(module, mode, environmentScope);
        }
        catch (const RecursionLimitException&)
        {
            reportErrorCodeTooComplex(module.root->location);
            return std::move(currentModule);
        }
    }
    else
    {
        return checkWithoutRecursionCheck(module, mode, environmentScope);
    }
}

ModulePtr TypeChecker::checkWithoutRecursionCheck(const SourceModule& module, Mode mode, std::optional<ScopePtr> environmentScope)
{
    LUAU_TIMETRACE_SCOPE("TypeChecker::check", "TypeChecker");
    LUAU_TIMETRACE_ARGUMENT("module", module.name.c_str());

    currentModule.reset(new Module());
    currentModule->type = module.type;
    currentModule->allocator = module.allocator;
    currentModule->names = module.names;

    iceHandler->moduleName = module.name;

    if (FFlag::LuauAutocompleteDynamicLimits)
    {
        unifierState.counters.recursionLimit = FInt::LuauTypeInferRecursionLimit;
        unifierState.counters.iterationLimit = unifierIterationLimit ? *unifierIterationLimit : FInt::LuauTypeInferIterationLimit;
    }

    ScopePtr parentScope = environmentScope.value_or(globalScope);
    ScopePtr moduleScope = std::make_shared<Scope>(parentScope);

    if (module.cyclic)
        moduleScope->returnType = addTypePack(TypePack{{anyType}, std::nullopt});
    else
        moduleScope->returnType = freshTypePack(moduleScope);

    moduleScope->varargPack = anyTypePack;

    currentModule->scopes.push_back(std::make_pair(module.root->location, moduleScope));
    currentModule->mode = mode;

    currentModuleName = module.name;

    if (prepareModuleScope)
        prepareModuleScope(module.name, currentModule->getModuleScope());

    try
    {
        checkBlock(moduleScope, *module.root);
    }
    catch (const TimeLimitError&)
    {
        currentModule->timeout = true;
    }

    if (get<FreeTypePack>(follow(moduleScope->returnType)))
        moduleScope->returnType = addTypePack(TypePack{{}, std::nullopt});
    else
        moduleScope->returnType = anyify(moduleScope, moduleScope->returnType, Location{});

    for (auto& [_, typeFun] : moduleScope->exportedTypeBindings)
        typeFun.type = anyify(moduleScope, typeFun.type, Location{});

    prepareErrorsForDisplay(currentModule->errors);

    currentModule->clonePublicInterface(*iceHandler);

    // Clear unifier cache since it's keyed off internal types that get deallocated
    // This avoids fake cross-module cache hits and keeps cache size at bay when typechecking large module graphs.
    unifierState.cachedUnify.clear();
    unifierState.cachedUnifyError.clear();
    unifierState.skipCacheForType.clear();

    duplicateTypeAliases.clear();

    return std::move(currentModule);
}

void TypeChecker::check(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstStat& program)
{
    if (auto block = program.as<AstStatBlock>())
        check(scope, *block);
    else if (auto if_ = program.as<AstStatIf>())
        check(scope, *if_);
    else if (auto while_ = program.as<AstStatWhile>())
        check(scope, *while_);
    else if (auto repeat = program.as<AstStatRepeat>())
        check(scope, *repeat);
    else if (program.is<AstStatBreak>())
    {
    } // Nothing to do
    else if (program.is<AstStatContinue>())
    {
    } // Nothing to do
    else if (auto return_ = program.as<AstStatReturn>())
        check(scope, *return_);
    else if (auto expr = program.as<AstStatExpr>())
        checkExprPack(scope, *expr->expr);
    else if (auto local = program.as<AstStatLocal>())
        check(scope, *local);
    else if (auto for_ = program.as<AstStatFor>())
        check(scope, *for_);
    else if (auto forIn = program.as<AstStatForIn>())
        check(scope, *forIn);
    else if (auto assign = program.as<AstStatAssign>())
        check(scope, *assign);
    else if (auto assign = program.as<AstStatCompoundAssign>())
        check(scope, *assign);
    else if (program.is<AstStatFunction>())
        ice("Should not be calling two-argument check() on a function statement", program.location);
    else if (program.is<AstStatLocalFunction>())
        ice("Should not be calling two-argument check() on a function statement", program.location);
    else if (auto typealias = program.as<AstStatTypeAlias>())
        check(scope, *typealias);
    else if (auto global = program.as<AstStatDeclareGlobal>())
    {
        TypeId globalType = resolveType(scope, *global->type);
        Name globalName(global->name.value);

        currentModule->declaredGlobals[globalName] = globalType;
        currentModule->getModuleScope()->bindings[global->name] = Binding{globalType, global->location};
    }
    else if (auto global = program.as<AstStatDeclareFunction>())
        check(scope, *global);
    else if (auto global = program.as<AstStatDeclareClass>())
        check(scope, *global);
    else if (auto errorStatement = program.as<AstStatError>())
    {
        const size_t oldSize = currentModule->errors.size();

        for (AstStat* s : errorStatement->statements)
            check(scope, *s);

        for (AstExpr* expr : errorStatement->expressions)
            checkExpr(scope, *expr);

        // HACK: We want to run typechecking on the contents of the AstStatError, but
        // we don't think the type errors will be useful most of the time.
        currentModule->errors.resize(oldSize);
    }
    else
        ice("Unknown AstStat");

    if (finishTime && TimeTrace::getClock() > *finishTime)
        throw TimeLimitError();
}

// This particular overload is for do...end. If you need to not increase the scope level, use checkBlock directly.
void TypeChecker::check(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstStatBlock& block)
{
    ScopePtr child = childScope(scope, block.location);
    checkBlock(child, block);
}

void TypeChecker::checkBlock(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstStatBlock& block)
{
    RecursionCounter _rc(&checkRecursionCount);
    if (FInt::LuauCheckRecursionLimit > 0 && checkRecursionCount >= FInt::LuauCheckRecursionLimit)
    {
        reportErrorCodeTooComplex(block.location);
        return;
    }
    if (FFlag::LuauRecursionLimitException)
    {
        try
        {
            checkBlockWithoutRecursionCheck(scope, block);
        }
        catch (const RecursionLimitException&)
        {
            reportErrorCodeTooComplex(block.location);
            return;
        }
    }
    else
    {
        checkBlockWithoutRecursionCheck(scope, block);
    }
}

void TypeChecker::checkBlockWithoutRecursionCheck(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstStatBlock& block)
{
    int subLevel = 0;

    std::vector<AstStat*> sorted(block.body.data, block.body.data + block.body.size);
    toposort(sorted);

    for (const auto& stat : sorted)
    {
        if (const auto& typealias = stat->as<AstStatTypeAlias>())
        {
            check(scope, *typealias, subLevel, true);
            ++subLevel;
        }
    }

    auto protoIter = sorted.begin();
    auto checkIter = sorted.begin();

    std::unordered_map<AstStat*, std::pair<TypeId, ScopePtr>> functionDecls;

    auto isLocalLambda = [](AstStat* stat) -> AstStatLocal* {
        AstStatLocal* local = stat->as<AstStatLocal>();

        if (FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation && local && local->vars.size == 1 && local->values.size == 1 &&
            local->values.data[0]->is<AstExprFunction>())
            return local;
        else
            return nullptr;
    };

    auto checkBody = [&](AstStat* stat) {
        if (auto fun = stat->as<AstStatFunction>())
        {
            LUAU_ASSERT(functionDecls.count(stat));
            auto [funTy, funScope] = functionDecls[stat];
            check(scope, funTy, funScope, *fun);
        }
        else if (auto fun = stat->as<AstStatLocalFunction>())
        {
            LUAU_ASSERT(functionDecls.count(stat));
            auto [funTy, funScope] = functionDecls[stat];
            check(scope, funTy, funScope, *fun);
        }
    };

    while (protoIter != sorted.end())
    {
        // protoIter walks forward
        //      If it contains a function call (function bodies don't count), walk checkIter forward until it catches up with protoIter
        //          For each element checkIter sees, check function bodies and unify the computed type with the prototype
        //      If it is a function definition, add its prototype to the environment
        //      If it is anything else, check it.

        // A subtlety is caused by mutually recursive functions, e.g.
        // ```
        // function f(x) return g(x) end
        // function g(x) return f(x) end
        // ```
        // These both call each other, so `f` will be ordered before `g`, so the call to `g`
        // is typechecked before `g` has had its body checked. For this reason, there's three
        // types for each function: before its body is checked, during checking its body,
        // and after its body is checked.
        //
        // We currently treat the before-type and the during-type as the same,
        // which can result in some oddness, as the before-type is usually a monotype,
        // and the after-type is often a polytype. For example:
        //
        // ```
        // function f(x) local x: number = g(37) return x end
        // function g(x) return f(x) end
        // ```
        // The before-type of g is `(X)->Y...` but during type-checking of `f` we will
        // unify that with `(number)->number`. The types end up being
        // ```
        // function f<a>(x:a):a local x: number = g(37) return x end
        // function g(x:number):number return f(x) end
        // ```
        if (containsFunctionCallOrReturn(**protoIter) || (FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation && isLocalLambda(*protoIter)))
        {
            while (checkIter != protoIter)
            {
                checkBody(*checkIter);
                ++checkIter;
            }

            // We do check the current element, so advance checkIter beyond it.
            ++checkIter;
            check(scope, **protoIter);
        }
        else if (auto fun = (*protoIter)->as<AstStatFunction>())
        {
            std::optional<TypeId> expectedType;

            if (!fun->func->self)
            {
                if (auto name = fun->name->as<AstExprIndexName>())
                {
                    TypeId exprTy = checkExpr(scope, *name->expr).type;
                    expectedType = getIndexTypeFromType(scope, exprTy, name->index.value, name->indexLocation, false);
                }
            }

            auto pair = checkFunctionSignature(scope, subLevel, *fun->func, fun->name->location, expectedType);
            auto [funTy, funScope] = pair;

            functionDecls[*protoIter] = pair;
            ++subLevel;

            TypeId leftType = follow(checkFunctionName(scope, *fun->name, funScope->level));

            unify(funTy, leftType, fun->location);
        }
        else if (auto fun = (*protoIter)->as<AstStatLocalFunction>())
        {
            auto pair = checkFunctionSignature(scope, subLevel, *fun->func, fun->name->location, std::nullopt);
            auto [funTy, funScope] = pair;

            functionDecls[*protoIter] = pair;
            ++subLevel;

            scope->bindings[fun->name] = {funTy, fun->name->location};
        }
        else
            check(scope, **protoIter);

        ++protoIter;
    }

    while (checkIter != sorted.end())
    {
        checkBody(*checkIter);
        ++checkIter;
    }

    checkBlockTypeAliases(scope, sorted);
}

LUAU_NOINLINE void TypeChecker::checkBlockTypeAliases(const ScopePtr& scope, std::vector<AstStat*>& sorted)
{
    for (const auto& stat : sorted)
    {
        if (const auto& typealias = stat->as<AstStatTypeAlias>())
        {
            if (typealias->name == kParseNameError)
                continue;

            auto& bindings = typealias->exported ? scope->exportedTypeBindings : scope->privateTypeBindings;

            Name name = typealias->name.value;
            TypeId type = bindings[name].type;
            if (get<FreeTypeVar>(follow(type)))
            {
                if (FFlag::LuauNonCopyableTypeVarFields)
                {
                    TypeVar* mty = asMutable(follow(type));
                    mty->reassign(*errorRecoveryType(anyType));
                }
                else
                {
                    *asMutable(type) = *errorRecoveryType(anyType);
                }

                reportError(TypeError{typealias->location, OccursCheckFailed{}});
            }
        }
    }
}

static std::optional<Predicate> tryGetTypeGuardPredicate(const AstExprBinary& expr)
{
    if (expr.op != AstExprBinary::Op::CompareEq && expr.op != AstExprBinary::Op::CompareNe)
        return std::nullopt;

    AstExpr* left = expr.left;
    AstExpr* right = expr.right;

    if (left->as<AstExprConstantString>())
        std::swap(left, right);

    AstExprConstantString* str = right->as<AstExprConstantString>();
    if (!str)
        return std::nullopt;

    AstExprCall* call = left->as<AstExprCall>();
    if (!call)
        return std::nullopt;

    AstExprGlobal* callee = call->func->as<AstExprGlobal>();
    if (!callee)
        return std::nullopt;

    if (callee->name != "type" && callee->name != "typeof")
        return std::nullopt;

    if (call->args.size != 1)
        return std::nullopt;

    // If ssval is not a valid constant string, we'll find out later when resolving predicate.
    Name ssval(str->value.data, str->value.size);
    bool isTypeof = callee->name == "typeof";

    std::optional<LValue> lvalue = tryGetLValue(*call->args.data[0]);
    if (!lvalue)
        return std::nullopt;

    Predicate predicate{TypeGuardPredicate{std::move(*lvalue), expr.location, ssval, isTypeof}};
    if (expr.op == AstExprBinary::Op::CompareNe)
        return NotPredicate{{std::move(predicate)}};

    return predicate;
}

void TypeChecker::check(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstStatIf& statement)
{
    WithPredicate<TypeId> result = checkExpr(scope, *statement.condition);

    ScopePtr ifScope = childScope(scope, statement.thenbody->location);
    resolve(result.predicates, ifScope, true);
    check(ifScope, *statement.thenbody);

    if (statement.elsebody)
    {
        ScopePtr elseScope = childScope(scope, statement.elsebody->location);
        resolve(result.predicates, elseScope, false);
        check(elseScope, *statement.elsebody);
    }
}

template<typename Id>
ErrorVec TypeChecker::canUnify_(Id subTy, Id superTy, const Location& location)
{
    Unifier state = mkUnifier(location);
    return state.canUnify(subTy, superTy);
}

ErrorVec TypeChecker::canUnify(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, const Location& location)
{
    return canUnify_(subTy, superTy, location);
}

ErrorVec TypeChecker::canUnify(TypePackId subTy, TypePackId superTy, const Location& location)
{
    return canUnify_(subTy, superTy, location);
}

void TypeChecker::check(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstStatWhile& statement)
{
    WithPredicate<TypeId> result = checkExpr(scope, *statement.condition);

    ScopePtr whileScope = childScope(scope, statement.body->location);
    resolve(result.predicates, whileScope, true);
    check(whileScope, *statement.body);
}

void TypeChecker::check(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstStatRepeat& statement)
{
    ScopePtr repScope = childScope(scope, statement.location);

    checkBlock(repScope, *statement.body);

    checkExpr(repScope, *statement.condition);
}

void TypeChecker::unifyLowerBound(TypePackId subTy, TypePackId superTy, TypeLevel demotedLevel, const Location& location)
{
    Unifier state = mkUnifier(location);
    state.unifyLowerBound(subTy, superTy, demotedLevel);

    state.log.commit();

    reportErrors(state.errors);
}

struct Demoter : Substitution
{
    Demoter(TypeArena* arena)
        : Substitution(TxnLog::empty(), arena)
    {
    }

    bool isDirty(TypeId ty) override
    {
        return get<FreeTypeVar>(ty);
    }

    bool isDirty(TypePackId tp) override
    {
        return get<FreeTypePack>(tp);
    }

    TypeId clean(TypeId ty) override
    {
        auto ftv = get<FreeTypeVar>(ty);
        LUAU_ASSERT(ftv);
        return addType(FreeTypeVar{demotedLevel(ftv->level)});
    }

    TypePackId clean(TypePackId tp) override
    {
        auto ftp = get<FreeTypePack>(tp);
        LUAU_ASSERT(ftp);
        return addTypePack(TypePackVar{FreeTypePack{demotedLevel(ftp->level)}});
    }

    TypeLevel demotedLevel(TypeLevel level)
    {
        return TypeLevel{level.level + 5000, level.subLevel};
    }

    void demote(std::vector<std::optional<TypeId>>& expectedTypes)
    {
        if (!FFlag::LuauQuantifyConstrained)
            return;
        for (std::optional<TypeId>& ty : expectedTypes)
        {
            if (ty)
                ty = substitute(*ty);
        }
    }
};

void TypeChecker::check(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstStatReturn& return_)
{
    std::vector<std::optional<TypeId>> expectedTypes;
    expectedTypes.reserve(return_.list.size);

    TypePackIterator expectedRetCurr = begin(scope->returnType);
    TypePackIterator expectedRetEnd = end(scope->returnType);

    for (size_t i = 0; i < return_.list.size; ++i)
    {
        if (expectedRetCurr != expectedRetEnd)
        {
            expectedTypes.push_back(*expectedRetCurr);
            ++expectedRetCurr;
        }
        else if (auto expectedArgsTail = expectedRetCurr.tail())
        {
            if (const VariadicTypePack* vtp = get<VariadicTypePack>(follow(*expectedArgsTail)))
                expectedTypes.push_back(vtp->ty);
        }
    }

    Demoter demoter{&currentModule->internalTypes};
    demoter.demote(expectedTypes);

    TypePackId retPack = checkExprList(scope, return_.location, return_.list, false, {}, expectedTypes).type;

    if (FFlag::LuauReturnTypeInferenceInNonstrict ? FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation : useConstrainedIntersections())
    {
        unifyLowerBound(retPack, scope->returnType, demoter.demotedLevel(scope->level), return_.location);
        return;
    }

    // HACK: Nonstrict mode gets a bit too smart and strict for us when we
    // start typechecking everything across module boundaries.
    if (isNonstrictMode() && follow(scope->returnType) == follow(currentModule->getModuleScope()->returnType))
    {
        ErrorVec errors = tryUnify(retPack, scope->returnType, return_.location);

        if (!errors.empty())
            currentModule->getModuleScope()->returnType = addTypePack({anyType});

        return;
    }

    unify(retPack, scope->returnType, return_.location, CountMismatch::Context::Return);
}

template<typename Id>
ErrorVec TypeChecker::tryUnify_(Id subTy, Id superTy, const Location& location)
{
    Unifier state = mkUnifier(location);

    if (FFlag::DebugLuauFreezeDuringUnification)
        freeze(currentModule->internalTypes);

    state.tryUnify(subTy, superTy);

    if (FFlag::DebugLuauFreezeDuringUnification)
        unfreeze(currentModule->internalTypes);

    if (state.errors.empty())
        state.log.commit();

    return state.errors;
}

ErrorVec TypeChecker::tryUnify(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, const Location& location)
{
    return tryUnify_(subTy, superTy, location);
}

ErrorVec TypeChecker::tryUnify(TypePackId subTy, TypePackId superTy, const Location& location)
{
    return tryUnify_(subTy, superTy, location);
}

void TypeChecker::check(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstStatAssign& assign)
{
    std::vector<std::optional<TypeId>> expectedTypes;
    expectedTypes.reserve(assign.vars.size);

    ScopePtr moduleScope = currentModule->getModuleScope();

    for (size_t i = 0; i < assign.vars.size; ++i)
    {
        AstExpr* dest = assign.vars.data[i];

        if (auto a = dest->as<AstExprLocal>())
        {
            // AstExprLocal l-values will have to be checked again because their type might have been mutated during checkExprList later
            expectedTypes.push_back(scope->lookup(a->local));
        }
        else if (auto a = dest->as<AstExprGlobal>())
        {
            // AstExprGlobal l-values lookup is inlined here to avoid creating a global binding before checkExprList
            if (auto it = moduleScope->bindings.find(a->name); it != moduleScope->bindings.end())
                expectedTypes.push_back(it->second.typeId);
            else
                expectedTypes.push_back(std::nullopt);
        }
        else
        {
            expectedTypes.push_back(checkLValue(scope, *dest));
        }
    }

    TypePackId valuePack = checkExprList(scope, assign.location, assign.values, false, {}, expectedTypes).type;

    auto valueIter = begin(valuePack);
    auto valueEnd = end(valuePack);

    TypePack* growingPack = nullptr;

    for (size_t i = 0; i < assign.vars.size; ++i)
    {
        AstExpr* dest = assign.vars.data[i];
        TypeId left = nullptr;

        if (dest->is<AstExprLocal>() || dest->is<AstExprGlobal>())
            left = checkLValue(scope, *dest);
        else
            left = *expectedTypes[i];

        TypeId right = nullptr;

        Location loc = 0 == assign.values.size  ? assign.location
                       : i < assign.values.size ? assign.values.data[i]->location
                                                : assign.values.data[assign.values.size - 1]->location;

        if (valueIter != valueEnd)
        {
            right = follow(*valueIter);
            ++valueIter;
        }
        else if (growingPack)
        {
            growingPack->head.push_back(left);
            continue;
        }
        else if (auto tail = valueIter.tail())
        {
            TypePackId tailPack = follow(*tail);
            if (get<Unifiable::Error>(tailPack))
                right = errorRecoveryType(scope);
            else if (auto vtp = get<VariadicTypePack>(tailPack))
                right = vtp->ty;
            else if (get<Unifiable::Free>(tailPack))
            {
                *asMutable(tailPack) = TypePack{{left}};
                growingPack = getMutable<TypePack>(tailPack);
            }
        }

        if (right)
        {
            if (!maybeGeneric(left) && isGeneric(right))
                right = instantiate(scope, right, loc);

            // Setting a table entry to nil doesn't mean nil is the type of the indexer, it is just deleting the entry
            const TableTypeVar* destTableTypeReceivingNil = nullptr;
            if (auto indexExpr = dest->as<AstExprIndexExpr>(); isNil(right) && indexExpr)
                destTableTypeReceivingNil = getTableType(checkExpr(scope, *indexExpr->expr).type);

            if (!destTableTypeReceivingNil || !destTableTypeReceivingNil->indexer)
            {
                // In nonstrict mode, any assignments where the lhs is free and rhs isn't a function, we give it any typevar.
                if (isNonstrictMode() && get<FreeTypeVar>(follow(left)) && !get<FunctionTypeVar>(follow(right)))
                    unify(anyType, left, loc);
                else
                    unify(right, left, loc);
            }
        }
    }
}

void TypeChecker::check(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstStatCompoundAssign& assign)
{
    AstExprBinary expr(assign.location, assign.op, assign.var, assign.value);

    TypeId left = checkExpr(scope, *expr.left).type;
    TypeId right = checkExpr(scope, *expr.right).type;

    TypeId result = checkBinaryOperation(scope, expr, left, right);

    unify(result, left, assign.location);
}

void TypeChecker::check(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstStatLocal& local)
{
    // Important subtlety: A local variable is not in scope while its initializer is being evaluated.
    // For instance, you cannot do this:
    //     local a = function() return a end

    AstLocal** vars = local.vars.data;

    std::vector<std::pair<AstLocal*, Binding>> varBindings;
    varBindings.reserve(local.vars.size);

    std::vector<TypeId> variableTypes;
    variableTypes.reserve(local.vars.size);

    std::vector<std::optional<TypeId>> expectedTypes;
    expectedTypes.reserve(local.vars.size);

    std::vector<bool> instantiateGenerics;

    for (size_t i = 0; i < local.vars.size; ++i)
    {
        const AstType* annotation = vars[i]->annotation;
        const bool rhsIsTable = local.values.size > i && local.values.data[i]->as<AstExprTable>();

        TypeId ty = nullptr;

        if (annotation)
        {
            ty = resolveType(scope, *annotation);

            // If the annotation type has an error, treat it as if there was no annotation
            if (get<ErrorTypeVar>(follow(ty)))
                ty = nullptr;
        }

        if (!ty)
            ty = rhsIsTable ? freshType(scope) : isNonstrictMode() ? anyType : freshType(scope);

        varBindings.emplace_back(vars[i], Binding{ty, vars[i]->location});

        variableTypes.push_back(ty);
        expectedTypes.push_back(ty);

        instantiateGenerics.push_back(annotation != nullptr && !maybeGeneric(ty));
    }

    if (local.values.size > 0)
    {
        TypePackId variablePack = addTypePack(variableTypes, freshTypePack(scope));
        TypePackId valuePack =
            checkExprList(scope, local.location, local.values, /* substituteFreeForNil= */ true, instantiateGenerics, expectedTypes).type;

        Unifier state = mkUnifier(local.location);
        state.ctx = CountMismatch::Result;
        state.tryUnify(valuePack, variablePack);
        reportErrors(state.errors);

        state.log.commit();

        // In the code 'local T = {}', we wish to ascribe the name 'T' to the type of the table for error-reporting purposes.
        // We also want to do this for 'local T = setmetatable(...)'.
        if (local.vars.size == 1 && local.values.size == 1)
        {
            const AstExpr* rhs = local.values.data[0];
            std::optional<TypeId> ty = first(valuePack);

            if (ty)
            {
                if (rhs->is<AstExprTable>())
                {
                    TableTypeVar* ttv = getMutable<TableTypeVar>(follow(*ty));
                    if (ttv && !ttv->name && scope == currentModule->getModuleScope())
                        ttv->syntheticName = vars[0]->name.value;
                }
                else if (const AstExprCall* call = rhs->as<AstExprCall>())
                {
                    if (const AstExprGlobal* global = call->func->as<AstExprGlobal>(); global && global->name == "setmetatable")
                    {
                        MetatableTypeVar* mtv = getMutable<MetatableTypeVar>(follow(*ty));
                        if (mtv)
                            mtv->syntheticName = vars[0]->name.value;
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        // Handle 'require' calls, we need to import exported type bindings into the variable 'namespace' and to update binding type in non-strict
        // mode
        for (size_t i = 0; i < local.values.size && i < local.vars.size; ++i)
        {
            const AstExprCall* call = local.values.data[i]->as<AstExprCall>();
            if (!call)
                continue;

            if (auto maybeRequire = matchRequire(*call))
            {
                AstExpr* require = *maybeRequire;

                if (auto moduleInfo = resolver->resolveModuleInfo(currentModuleName, *require))
                {
                    const Name name{local.vars.data[i]->name.value};

                    if (ModulePtr module = resolver->getModule(moduleInfo->name))
                        scope->importedTypeBindings[name] = module->getModuleScope()->exportedTypeBindings;

                    // In non-strict mode we force the module type on the variable, in strict mode it is already unified
                    if (isNonstrictMode())
                    {
                        auto [types, tail] = flatten(valuePack);

                        if (i < types.size())
                            varBindings[i].second.typeId = types[i];
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    for (const auto& [local, binding] : varBindings)
        scope->bindings[local] = binding;
}

void TypeChecker::check(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstStatFor& expr)
{
    ScopePtr loopScope = childScope(scope, expr.location);

    TypeId loopVarType = numberType;
    if (expr.var->annotation)
        unify(loopVarType, resolveType(scope, *expr.var->annotation), expr.location);

    loopScope->bindings[expr.var] = {loopVarType, expr.var->location};

    if (!expr.from)
        ice("Bad AstStatFor has no from expr");

    if (!expr.to)
        ice("Bad AstStatFor has no to expr");

    unify(checkExpr(loopScope, *expr.from).type, loopVarType, expr.from->location);
    unify(checkExpr(loopScope, *expr.to).type, loopVarType, expr.to->location);

    if (expr.step)
        unify(checkExpr(loopScope, *expr.step).type, loopVarType, expr.step->location);

    check(loopScope, *expr.body);
}

void TypeChecker::check(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstStatForIn& forin)
{
    ScopePtr loopScope = childScope(scope, forin.location);

    AstLocal** vars = forin.vars.data;

    std::vector<TypeId> varTypes;
    varTypes.reserve(forin.vars.size);

    for (size_t i = 0; i < forin.vars.size; ++i)
    {
        AstType* ann = vars[i]->annotation;
        TypeId ty = ann ? resolveType(scope, *ann) : anyIfNonstrict(freshType(loopScope));

        loopScope->bindings[vars[i]] = {ty, vars[i]->location};
        varTypes.push_back(ty);
    }

    AstExpr** values = forin.values.data;
    AstExpr* firstValue = forin.values.data[0];

    // next is a function that takes Table<K, V> and an optional index of type K
    //      next<K, V>(t: Table<K, V>, index: K | nil) -> (K, V)
    // however, pairs and ipairs are quite messy, but they both share the same types
    // pairs returns 'next, t, nil', thus the type would be
    //      pairs<K, V>(t: Table<K, V>) -> ((Table<K, V>, K | nil) -> (K, V), Table<K, V>, K | nil)
    // ipairs returns 'next, t, 0', thus ipairs will also share the same type as pairs, except K = number
    //
    // we can also define our own custom iterators by by returning a wrapped coroutine that calls coroutine.yield
    // and most custom iterators does not return a table state, or returns a function that takes no additional arguments, making it optional
    // so we up with this catch-all type constraint that works for all use cases
    //      <K, V, R>(free) -> ((free) -> R, Table<K, V> | nil, K | nil)

    if (!firstValue)
        ice("expected at least an iterator function value, but we parsed nothing");

    TypeId iterTy = nullptr;
    TypePackId callRetPack = nullptr;

    if (forin.values.size == 1 && firstValue->is<AstExprCall>())
    {
        AstExprCall* exprCall = firstValue->as<AstExprCall>();
        callRetPack = checkExprPack(scope, *exprCall).type;
        callRetPack = follow(callRetPack);

        if (get<Unifiable::Free>(callRetPack))
        {
            iterTy = freshType(scope);
            unify(callRetPack, addTypePack({{iterTy}, freshTypePack(scope)}), forin.location);
        }
        else if (get<Unifiable::Error>(callRetPack) || !first(callRetPack))
        {
            for (TypeId var : varTypes)
                unify(errorRecoveryType(scope), var, forin.location);

            return check(loopScope, *forin.body);
        }
        else
        {
            iterTy = *first(callRetPack);
            iterTy = instantiate(scope, iterTy, exprCall->location);
        }
    }
    else
    {
        iterTy = instantiate(scope, checkExpr(scope, *firstValue).type, firstValue->location);
    }

    if (std::optional<TypeId> iterMM = findMetatableEntry(iterTy, "__iter", firstValue->location))
    {
        // if __iter metamethod is present, it will be called and the results are going to be called as if they are functions
        // TODO: this needs to typecheck all returned values by __iter as if they were for loop arguments
        // the structure of the function makes it difficult to do this especially since we don't have actual expressions, only types
        for (TypeId var : varTypes)
            unify(anyType, var, forin.location);

        return check(loopScope, *forin.body);
    }

    if (const TableTypeVar* iterTable = get<TableTypeVar>(iterTy))
    {
        // TODO: note that this doesn't cleanly handle iteration over mixed tables and tables without an indexer
        // this behavior is more or less consistent with what we do for pairs(), but really both are pretty wrong and need revisiting
        if (iterTable->indexer)
        {
            if (varTypes.size() > 0)
                unify(iterTable->indexer->indexType, varTypes[0], forin.location);

            if (varTypes.size() > 1)
                unify(iterTable->indexer->indexResultType, varTypes[1], forin.location);

            for (size_t i = 2; i < varTypes.size(); ++i)
                unify(nilType, varTypes[i], forin.location);
        }
        else
        {
            TypeId varTy = errorRecoveryType(loopScope);

            for (TypeId var : varTypes)
                unify(varTy, var, forin.location);

            reportError(firstValue->location, GenericError{"Cannot iterate over a table without indexer"});
        }

        return check(loopScope, *forin.body);
    }

    const FunctionTypeVar* iterFunc = get<FunctionTypeVar>(iterTy);
    if (!iterFunc)
    {
        TypeId varTy = get<AnyTypeVar>(iterTy) ? anyType : errorRecoveryType(loopScope);

        for (TypeId var : varTypes)
            unify(varTy, var, forin.location);

        if (!get<ErrorTypeVar>(iterTy) && !get<AnyTypeVar>(iterTy) && !get<FreeTypeVar>(iterTy))
            reportError(firstValue->location, CannotCallNonFunction{iterTy});

        return check(loopScope, *forin.body);
    }

    if (forin.values.size == 1)
    {
        TypePackId argPack = nullptr;
        if (firstValue->is<AstExprCall>())
        {
            // Extract the remaining return values of the call
            // and check them against the parameter types of the iterator function.
            auto [types, tail] = flatten(callRetPack);
            std::vector<TypeId> argTypes = std::vector<TypeId>(types.begin() + 1, types.end());
            argPack = addTypePack(TypePackVar{TypePack{std::move(argTypes), tail}});
        }
        else
        {
            // Check if iterator function accepts 0 arguments
            argPack = addTypePack(TypePack{});
        }

        Unifier state = mkUnifier(firstValue->location);
        checkArgumentList(loopScope, state, argPack, iterFunc->argTypes, /*argLocations*/ {});

        state.log.commit();

        reportErrors(state.errors);
    }

    TypePackId varPack = addTypePack(TypePackVar{TypePack{varTypes, freshTypePack(scope)}});

    if (forin.values.size >= 2)
    {
        AstArray<AstExpr*> arguments{forin.values.data + 1, forin.values.size - 1};

        Position start = firstValue->location.begin;
        Position end = values[forin.values.size - 1]->location.end;
        AstExprCall exprCall{Location(start, end), firstValue, arguments, /* self= */ false, Location()};

        TypePackId retPack = checkExprPack(scope, exprCall).type;
        unify(retPack, varPack, forin.location);
    }
    else
        unify(iterFunc->retTypes, varPack, forin.location);

    check(loopScope, *forin.body);
}

void TypeChecker::check(const ScopePtr& scope, TypeId ty, const ScopePtr& funScope, const AstStatFunction& function)
{
    if (auto exprName = function.name->as<AstExprGlobal>())
    {
        auto& globalBindings = currentModule->getModuleScope()->bindings;
        Symbol name = exprName->name;
        Name globalName = exprName->name.value;

        Binding oldBinding;
        bool previouslyDefined = isNonstrictMode() && globalBindings.count(name);

        if (previouslyDefined)
        {
            oldBinding = globalBindings[name];
        }

        globalBindings[name] = {ty, exprName->location};
        checkFunctionBody(funScope, ty, *function.func);

        // If in nonstrict mode and allowing redefinition of global function, restore the previous definition type
        // in case this function has a differing signature. The signature discrepancy will be caught in checkBlock.
        if (previouslyDefined)
        {
            if (FFlag::LuauReturnTypeInferenceInNonstrict && FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation)
                quantify(funScope, ty, exprName->location);

            globalBindings[name] = oldBinding;
        }
        else
            globalBindings[name] = {quantify(funScope, ty, exprName->location), exprName->location};

        return;
    }
    else if (auto name = function.name->as<AstExprLocal>())
    {
        scope->bindings[name->local] = {ty, name->local->location};

        checkFunctionBody(funScope, ty, *function.func);

        scope->bindings[name->local] = {anyIfNonstrict(quantify(funScope, ty, name->local->location)), name->local->location};
        return;
    }
    else if (auto name = function.name->as<AstExprIndexName>())
    {
        TypeId exprTy = checkExpr(scope, *name->expr).type;
        TableTypeVar* ttv = getMutableTableType(exprTy);

        if (!getIndexTypeFromType(scope, exprTy, name->index.value, name->indexLocation, false))
        {
            if (ttv || isTableIntersection(exprTy))
                reportError(TypeError{function.location, CannotExtendTable{exprTy, CannotExtendTable::Property, name->index.value}});
            else
                reportError(TypeError{function.location, OnlyTablesCanHaveMethods{exprTy}});
        }

        ty = follow(ty);

        if (ttv && ttv->state != TableState::Sealed)
            ttv->props[name->index.value] = {ty, /* deprecated */ false, {}, name->indexLocation};

        if (function.func->self)
        {
            const FunctionTypeVar* funTy = get<FunctionTypeVar>(ty);
            if (!funTy)
                ice("Methods should be functions");

            std::optional<TypeId> arg0 = first(funTy->argTypes);
            if (!arg0)
                ice("Methods should always have at least 1 argument (self)");
        }

        checkFunctionBody(funScope, ty, *function.func);

        if (ttv && ttv->state != TableState::Sealed)
            ttv->props[name->index.value] = {follow(quantify(funScope, ty, name->indexLocation)), /* deprecated */ false, {}, name->indexLocation};
    }
    else
    {
        LUAU_ASSERT(function.name->is<AstExprError>());

        ty = follow(ty);

        checkFunctionBody(funScope, ty, *function.func);
    }
}

void TypeChecker::check(const ScopePtr& scope, TypeId ty, const ScopePtr& funScope, const AstStatLocalFunction& function)
{
    Name name = function.name->name.value;

    scope->bindings[function.name] = {ty, function.location};

    checkFunctionBody(funScope, ty, *function.func);

    scope->bindings[function.name] = {quantify(funScope, ty, function.name->location), function.name->location};
}

void TypeChecker::check(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstStatTypeAlias& typealias, int subLevel, bool forwardDeclare)
{
    // This function should be called at most twice for each type alias.
    // Once with forwardDeclare, and once without.
    Name name = typealias.name.value;

    // If the alias is missing a name, we can't do anything with it.  Ignore it.
    if (name == kParseNameError)
        return;

    std::optional<TypeFun> binding;
    if (auto it = scope->exportedTypeBindings.find(name); it != scope->exportedTypeBindings.end())
        binding = it->second;
    else if (auto it = scope->privateTypeBindings.find(name); it != scope->privateTypeBindings.end())
        binding = it->second;

    auto& bindingsMap = typealias.exported ? scope->exportedTypeBindings : scope->privateTypeBindings;

    if (forwardDeclare)
    {
        if (binding)
        {
            Location location = scope->typeAliasLocations[name];
            reportError(TypeError{typealias.location, DuplicateTypeDefinition{name, location}});

            bindingsMap[name] = TypeFun{binding->typeParams, binding->typePackParams, errorRecoveryType(anyType)};
            duplicateTypeAliases.insert({typealias.exported, name});
        }
        else
        {
            ScopePtr aliasScope = childScope(scope, typealias.location);
            aliasScope->level = scope->level.incr();
            aliasScope->level.subLevel = subLevel;

            auto [generics, genericPacks] =
                createGenericTypes(aliasScope, scope->level, typealias, typealias.generics, typealias.genericPacks, /* useCache = */ true);

            TypeId ty = freshType(aliasScope);
            FreeTypeVar* ftv = getMutable<FreeTypeVar>(ty);
            LUAU_ASSERT(ftv);
            ftv->forwardedTypeAlias = true;
            bindingsMap[name] = {std::move(generics), std::move(genericPacks), ty};

            scope->typeAliasLocations[name] = typealias.location;
        }
    }
    else
    {
        // If the first pass failed (this should mean a duplicate definition), the second pass isn't going to be
        // interesting.
        if (duplicateTypeAliases.find({typealias.exported, name}))
            return;

        if (!binding)
            ice("Not predeclared");

        ScopePtr aliasScope = childScope(scope, typealias.location);
        aliasScope->level = scope->level.incr();

        for (auto param : binding->typeParams)
        {
            auto generic = get<GenericTypeVar>(param.ty);
            LUAU_ASSERT(generic);
            aliasScope->privateTypeBindings[generic->name] = TypeFun{{}, param.ty};
        }

        for (auto param : binding->typePackParams)
        {
            auto generic = get<GenericTypePack>(param.tp);
            LUAU_ASSERT(generic);
            aliasScope->privateTypePackBindings[generic->name] = param.tp;
        }

        TypeId ty = resolveType(aliasScope, *typealias.type);
        if (auto ttv = getMutable<TableTypeVar>(follow(ty)))
        {
            // If the table is already named and we want to rename the type function, we have to bind new alias to a copy
            // Additionally, we can't modify types that come from other modules
            if (ttv->name || follow(ty)->owningArena != &currentModule->internalTypes)
            {
                bool sameTys = std::equal(ttv->instantiatedTypeParams.begin(), ttv->instantiatedTypeParams.end(), binding->typeParams.begin(),
                    binding->typeParams.end(), [](auto&& itp, auto&& tp) {
                        return itp == tp.ty;
                    });
                bool sameTps = std::equal(ttv->instantiatedTypePackParams.begin(), ttv->instantiatedTypePackParams.end(),
                    binding->typePackParams.begin(), binding->typePackParams.end(), [](auto&& itpp, auto&& tpp) {
                        return itpp == tpp.tp;
                    });

                // Copy can be skipped if this is an identical alias
                if (!ttv->name || ttv->name != name || !sameTys || !sameTps)
                {
                    // This is a shallow clone, original recursive links to self are not updated
                    TableTypeVar clone = TableTypeVar{ttv->props, ttv->indexer, ttv->level, ttv->state};
                    clone.definitionModuleName = ttv->definitionModuleName;
                    clone.name = name;

                    for (auto param : binding->typeParams)
                        clone.instantiatedTypeParams.push_back(param.ty);

                    for (auto param : binding->typePackParams)
                        clone.instantiatedTypePackParams.push_back(param.tp);

                    bool isNormal = ty->normal;
                    ty = addType(std::move(clone));

                    if (FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation)
                        asMutable(ty)->normal = isNormal;
                }
            }
            else
            {
                ttv->name = name;

                ttv->instantiatedTypeParams.clear();
                for (auto param : binding->typeParams)
                    ttv->instantiatedTypeParams.push_back(param.ty);

                ttv->instantiatedTypePackParams.clear();
                for (auto param : binding->typePackParams)
                    ttv->instantiatedTypePackParams.push_back(param.tp);
            }
        }
        else if (auto mtv = getMutable<MetatableTypeVar>(follow(ty)))
        {
            // We can't modify types that come from other modules
            if (follow(ty)->owningArena == &currentModule->internalTypes)
                mtv->syntheticName = name;
        }

        TypeId& bindingType = bindingsMap[name].type;

        if (unify(ty, bindingType, typealias.location))
            bindingType = ty;

        if (FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation)
        {
            auto [t, ok] = normalize(bindingType, currentModule, *iceHandler);
            bindingType = t;
            if (!ok)
                reportError(typealias.location, NormalizationTooComplex{});
        }
    }
}

void TypeChecker::check(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstStatDeclareClass& declaredClass)
{
    std::optional<TypeId> superTy = std::nullopt;
    if (declaredClass.superName)
    {
        Name superName = Name(declaredClass.superName->value);
        std::optional<TypeFun> lookupType = scope->lookupType(superName);

        if (!lookupType)
        {
            reportError(declaredClass.location, UnknownSymbol{superName, UnknownSymbol::Type});
            return;
        }

        // We don't have generic classes, so this assertion _should_ never be hit.
        LUAU_ASSERT(lookupType->typeParams.size() == 0 && lookupType->typePackParams.size() == 0);
        superTy = lookupType->type;

        if (!get<ClassTypeVar>(follow(*superTy)))
        {
            reportError(declaredClass.location,
                GenericError{format("Cannot use non-class type '%s' as a superclass of class '%s'", superName.c_str(), declaredClass.name.value)});

            return;
        }
    }

    Name className(declaredClass.name.value);

    TypeId classTy = addType(ClassTypeVar(className, {}, superTy, std::nullopt, {}, {}, currentModuleName));
    ClassTypeVar* ctv = getMutable<ClassTypeVar>(classTy);

    TypeId metaTy = addType(TableTypeVar{TableState::Sealed, scope->level});
    TableTypeVar* metatable = getMutable<TableTypeVar>(metaTy);

    ctv->metatable = metaTy;

    scope->exportedTypeBindings[className] = TypeFun{{}, classTy};

    for (const AstDeclaredClassProp& prop : declaredClass.props)
    {
        Name propName(prop.name.value);
        TypeId propTy = resolveType(scope, *prop.ty);

        bool assignToMetatable = isMetamethod(propName);

        // Function types always take 'self', but this isn't reflected in the
        // parsed annotation. Add it here.
        if (prop.isMethod)
        {
            if (FunctionTypeVar* ftv = getMutable<FunctionTypeVar>(propTy))
            {
                ftv->argNames.insert(ftv->argNames.begin(), FunctionArgument{"self", {}});
                ftv->argTypes = addTypePack(TypePack{{classTy}, ftv->argTypes});

                if (FFlag::LuauSelfCallAutocompleteFix2)
                    ftv->hasSelf = true;
            }
        }

        if (ctv->props.count(propName) == 0)
        {
            if (assignToMetatable)
                metatable->props[propName] = {propTy};
            else
                ctv->props[propName] = {propTy};
        }
        else
        {
            TypeId currentTy = assignToMetatable ? metatable->props[propName].type : ctv->props[propName].type;

            // We special-case this logic to keep the intersection flat; otherwise we
            // would create a ton of nested intersection types.
            if (const IntersectionTypeVar* itv = get<IntersectionTypeVar>(currentTy))
            {
                std::vector<TypeId> options = itv->parts;
                options.push_back(propTy);
                TypeId newItv = addType(IntersectionTypeVar{std::move(options)});

                if (assignToMetatable)
                    metatable->props[propName] = {newItv};
                else
                    ctv->props[propName] = {newItv};
            }
            else if (get<FunctionTypeVar>(currentTy))
            {
                TypeId intersection = addType(IntersectionTypeVar{{currentTy, propTy}});

                if (assignToMetatable)
                    metatable->props[propName] = {intersection};
                else
                    ctv->props[propName] = {intersection};
            }
            else
            {
                reportError(declaredClass.location, GenericError{format("Cannot overload non-function class member '%s'", propName.c_str())});
            }
        }
    }
}

void TypeChecker::check(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstStatDeclareFunction& global)
{
    ScopePtr funScope = childFunctionScope(scope, global.location);

    auto [generics, genericPacks] = createGenericTypes(funScope, std::nullopt, global, global.generics, global.genericPacks);

    std::vector<TypeId> genericTys;
    genericTys.reserve(generics.size());
    std::transform(generics.begin(), generics.end(), std::back_inserter(genericTys), [](auto&& el) {
        return el.ty;
    });

    std::vector<TypePackId> genericTps;
    genericTps.reserve(genericPacks.size());
    std::transform(genericPacks.begin(), genericPacks.end(), std::back_inserter(genericTps), [](auto&& el) {
        return el.tp;
    });

    TypePackId argPack = resolveTypePack(funScope, global.params);
    TypePackId retPack = resolveTypePack(funScope, global.retTypes);
    TypeId fnType = addType(FunctionTypeVar{funScope->level, std::move(genericTys), std::move(genericTps), argPack, retPack});
    FunctionTypeVar* ftv = getMutable<FunctionTypeVar>(fnType);

    ftv->argNames.reserve(global.paramNames.size);
    for (const auto& el : global.paramNames)
        ftv->argNames.push_back(FunctionArgument{el.first.value, el.second});

    Name fnName(global.name.value);

    currentModule->declaredGlobals[fnName] = fnType;
    currentModule->getModuleScope()->bindings[global.name] = Binding{fnType, global.location};
}

WithPredicate<TypeId> TypeChecker::checkExpr(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstExpr& expr, std::optional<TypeId> expectedType, bool forceSingleton)
{
    RecursionCounter _rc(&checkRecursionCount);
    if (FInt::LuauCheckRecursionLimit > 0 && checkRecursionCount >= FInt::LuauCheckRecursionLimit)
    {
        reportErrorCodeTooComplex(expr.location);
        return {errorRecoveryType(scope)};
    }

    WithPredicate<TypeId> result;

    if (auto a = expr.as<AstExprGroup>())
        result = checkExpr(scope, *a->expr, expectedType);
    else if (expr.is<AstExprConstantNil>())
        result = {nilType};
    else if (const AstExprConstantBool* bexpr = expr.as<AstExprConstantBool>())
    {
        if (forceSingleton || (expectedType && maybeSingleton(*expectedType)))
            result = {singletonType(bexpr->value)};
        else
            result = {booleanType};
    }
    else if (const AstExprConstantString* sexpr = expr.as<AstExprConstantString>())
    {
        if (forceSingleton || (expectedType && maybeSingleton(*expectedType)))
            result = {singletonType(std::string(sexpr->value.data, sexpr->value.size))};
        else
            result = {stringType};
    }
    else if (expr.is<AstExprConstantNumber>())
        result = {numberType};
    else if (auto a = expr.as<AstExprLocal>())
        result = checkExpr(scope, *a);
    else if (auto a = expr.as<AstExprGlobal>())
        result = checkExpr(scope, *a);
    else if (auto a = expr.as<AstExprVarargs>())
        result = checkExpr(scope, *a);
    else if (auto a = expr.as<AstExprCall>())
        result = checkExpr(scope, *a);
    else if (auto a = expr.as<AstExprIndexName>())
        result = checkExpr(scope, *a);
    else if (auto a = expr.as<AstExprIndexExpr>())
        result = checkExpr(scope, *a);
    else if (auto a = expr.as<AstExprFunction>())
        result = checkExpr(scope, *a, expectedType);
    else if (auto a = expr.as<AstExprTable>())
        result = checkExpr(scope, *a, expectedType);
    else if (auto a = expr.as<AstExprUnary>())
        result = checkExpr(scope, *a);
    else if (auto a = expr.as<AstExprBinary>())
        result = checkExpr(scope, *a);
    else if (auto a = expr.as<AstExprTypeAssertion>())
        result = checkExpr(scope, *a);
    else if (auto a = expr.as<AstExprError>())
        result = checkExpr(scope, *a);
    else if (auto a = expr.as<AstExprIfElse>())
        result = checkExpr(scope, *a, expectedType);
    else
        ice("Unhandled AstExpr?");

    result.type = follow(result.type);

    if (!currentModule->astTypes.find(&expr))
        currentModule->astTypes[&expr] = result.type;

    if (expectedType)
        currentModule->astExpectedTypes[&expr] = *expectedType;

    return result;
}

WithPredicate<TypeId> TypeChecker::checkExpr(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstExprLocal& expr)
{
    std::optional<LValue> lvalue = tryGetLValue(expr);
    LUAU_ASSERT(lvalue); // Guaranteed to not be nullopt - AstExprLocal is an LValue.

    if (std::optional<TypeId> ty = resolveLValue(scope, *lvalue))
        return {*ty, {TruthyPredicate{std::move(*lvalue), expr.location}}};

    // TODO: tempting to ice here, but this breaks very often because our toposort doesn't enforce this constraint
    // ice("AstExprLocal exists but no binding definition for it?", expr.location);
    reportError(TypeError{expr.location, UnknownSymbol{expr.local->name.value, UnknownSymbol::Binding}});
    return {errorRecoveryType(scope)};
}

WithPredicate<TypeId> TypeChecker::checkExpr(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstExprGlobal& expr)
{
    std::optional<LValue> lvalue = tryGetLValue(expr);
    LUAU_ASSERT(lvalue); // Guaranteed to not be nullopt - AstExprGlobal is an LValue.

    if (std::optional<TypeId> ty = resolveLValue(scope, *lvalue))
        return {*ty, {TruthyPredicate{std::move(*lvalue), expr.location}}};

    reportError(TypeError{expr.location, UnknownSymbol{expr.name.value, UnknownSymbol::Binding}});
    return {errorRecoveryType(scope)};
}

WithPredicate<TypeId> TypeChecker::checkExpr(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstExprVarargs& expr)
{
    TypePackId varargPack = checkExprPack(scope, expr).type;

    if (get<TypePack>(varargPack))
    {
        std::vector<TypeId> types = flatten(varargPack).first;
        return {!types.empty() ? types[0] : nilType};
    }
    else if (get<FreeTypePack>(varargPack))
    {
        TypeId head = freshType(scope);
        TypePackId tail = freshTypePack(scope);
        *asMutable(varargPack) = TypePack{{head}, tail};
        return {head};
    }
    if (get<ErrorTypeVar>(varargPack))
        return {errorRecoveryType(scope)};
    else if (auto vtp = get<VariadicTypePack>(varargPack))
        return {vtp->ty};
    else if (get<Unifiable::Generic>(varargPack))
    {
        // TODO: Better error?
        reportError(expr.location, GenericError{"Trying to get a type from a variadic type parameter"});
        return {errorRecoveryType(scope)};
    }
    else
        ice("Unknown TypePack type in checkExpr(AstExprVarargs)!");
}

WithPredicate<TypeId> TypeChecker::checkExpr(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstExprCall& expr)
{
    WithPredicate<TypePackId> result = checkExprPack(scope, expr);
    TypePackId retPack = follow(result.type);

    if (auto pack = get<TypePack>(retPack))
    {
        return {pack->head.empty() ? nilType : pack->head[0], std::move(result.predicates)};
    }
    else if (const FreeTypePack* ftp = get<Unifiable::Free>(retPack))
    {
        TypeLevel level = FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation ? ftp->level : scope->level;
        TypeId head = freshType(level);
        TypePackId pack = addTypePack(TypePackVar{TypePack{{head}, freshTypePack(level)}});
        unify(pack, retPack, expr.location);
        return {head, std::move(result.predicates)};
    }
    if (get<Unifiable::Error>(retPack))
        return {errorRecoveryType(scope), std::move(result.predicates)};
    else if (auto vtp = get<VariadicTypePack>(retPack))
        return {vtp->ty, std::move(result.predicates)};
    else if (get<Unifiable::Generic>(retPack))
    {
        if (FFlag::LuauReturnAnyInsteadOfICE)
            return {anyType, std::move(result.predicates)};
        else
            ice("Unexpected abstract type pack!", expr.location);
    }
    else
        ice("Unknown TypePack type!", expr.location);
}

WithPredicate<TypeId> TypeChecker::checkExpr(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstExprIndexName& expr)
{
    Name name = expr.index.value;

    // Redundant call if we find a refined lvalue, but this function must be called in order to recursively populate astTypes.
    TypeId lhsType = checkExpr(scope, *expr.expr).type;

    if (std::optional<LValue> lvalue = tryGetLValue(expr))
        if (std::optional<TypeId> ty = resolveLValue(scope, *lvalue))
            return {*ty, {TruthyPredicate{std::move(*lvalue), expr.location}}};

    lhsType = stripFromNilAndReport(lhsType, expr.expr->location);

    if (std::optional<TypeId> ty = getIndexTypeFromType(scope, lhsType, name, expr.location, true))
        return {*ty};

    return {errorRecoveryType(scope)};
}

std::optional<TypeId> TypeChecker::findTablePropertyRespectingMeta(TypeId lhsType, Name name, const Location& location)
{
    ErrorVec errors;
    auto result = Luau::findTablePropertyRespectingMeta(errors, lhsType, name, location);
    reportErrors(errors);
    return result;
}

std::optional<TypeId> TypeChecker::findMetatableEntry(TypeId type, std::string entry, const Location& location)
{
    ErrorVec errors;
    auto result = Luau::findMetatableEntry(errors, type, entry, location);
    reportErrors(errors);
    return result;
}

std::optional<TypeId> TypeChecker::getIndexTypeFromType(
    const ScopePtr& scope, TypeId type, const std::string& name, const Location& location, bool addErrors)
{
    type = follow(type);

    if (get<ErrorTypeVar>(type) || get<AnyTypeVar>(type))
        return type;

    tablify(type);

    if (isString(type))
    {
        std::optional<TypeId> mtIndex = findMetatableEntry(stringType, "__index", location);
        LUAU_ASSERT(mtIndex);
        type = *mtIndex;
    }

    if (TableTypeVar* tableType = getMutableTableType(type))
    {
        if (auto it = tableType->props.find(name); it != tableType->props.end())
            return it->second.type;
        else if (auto indexer = tableType->indexer)
        {
            // TODO: Property lookup should work with string singletons or unions thereof as the indexer key type.
            ErrorVec errors = tryUnify(stringType, indexer->indexType, location);

            if (FFlag::LuauReportErrorsOnIndexerKeyMismatch)
            {
                if (errors.empty())
                    return indexer->indexResultType;

                if (addErrors)
                    reportError(location, UnknownProperty{type, name});

                return std::nullopt;
            }
            else
                return indexer->indexResultType;
        }
        else if (tableType->state == TableState::Free)
        {
            TypeId result = freshType(tableType->level);
            tableType->props[name] = {result};
            return result;
        }

        if (auto found = findTablePropertyRespectingMeta(type, name, location))
            return *found;
    }
    else if (const ClassTypeVar* cls = get<ClassTypeVar>(type))
    {
        const Property* prop = lookupClassProp(cls, name);
        if (prop)
            return prop->type;
    }
    else if (const UnionTypeVar* utv = get<UnionTypeVar>(type))
    {
        std::vector<TypeId> goodOptions;
        std::vector<TypeId> badOptions;

        for (TypeId t : utv)
        {
            RecursionLimiter _rl(&recursionCount, FInt::LuauTypeInferRecursionLimit, "getIndexTypeForType unions");

            // Not needed when we normalize types.
            if (get<AnyTypeVar>(follow(t)))
                return t;

            if (std::optional<TypeId> ty = getIndexTypeFromType(scope, t, name, location, false))
                goodOptions.push_back(*ty);
            else
                badOptions.push_back(t);
        }

        if (!badOptions.empty())
        {
            if (addErrors)
            {
                if (goodOptions.empty())
                    reportError(location, UnknownProperty{type, name});
                else
                    reportError(location, MissingUnionProperty{type, badOptions, name});
            }
            return std::nullopt;
        }

        if (FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation)
        {
            auto [t, ok] = normalize(addType(UnionTypeVar{std::move(goodOptions)}), currentModule,
                *iceHandler); // FIXME Inefficient.  We craft a UnionTypeVar and immediately throw it away.

            if (!ok)
                reportError(location, NormalizationTooComplex{});

            return t;
        }
        else
        {
            std::vector<TypeId> result = reduceUnion(goodOptions);

            if (result.size() == 1)
                return result[0];

            return addType(UnionTypeVar{std::move(result)});
        }
    }
    else if (const IntersectionTypeVar* itv = get<IntersectionTypeVar>(type))
    {
        std::vector<TypeId> parts;

        for (TypeId t : itv->parts)
        {
            RecursionLimiter _rl(&recursionCount, FInt::LuauTypeInferRecursionLimit, "getIndexTypeFromType intersections");

            if (std::optional<TypeId> ty = getIndexTypeFromType(scope, t, name, location, false))
                parts.push_back(*ty);
        }

        // If no parts of the intersection had the property we looked up for, it never existed at all.
        if (parts.empty())
        {
            if (addErrors)
                reportError(location, UnknownProperty{type, name});
            return std::nullopt;
        }

        if (parts.size() == 1)
            return parts[0];

        return addType(IntersectionTypeVar{std::move(parts)}); // Not at all correct.
    }

    if (addErrors)
        reportError(location, UnknownProperty{type, name});

    return std::nullopt;
}

std::vector<TypeId> TypeChecker::reduceUnion(const std::vector<TypeId>& types)
{
    std::vector<TypeId> result;
    for (TypeId t : types)
    {
        t = follow(t);
        if (get<ErrorTypeVar>(t) || get<AnyTypeVar>(t))
            return {t};

        if (const UnionTypeVar* utv = get<UnionTypeVar>(t))
        {
            if (FFlag::LuauReduceUnionRecursion)
            {
                for (TypeId ty : utv)
                {
                    if (FFlag::LuauNormalizeFlagIsConservative)
                        ty = follow(ty);
                    if (get<ErrorTypeVar>(ty) || get<AnyTypeVar>(ty))
                        return {ty};

                    if (result.end() == std::find(result.begin(), result.end(), ty))
                        result.push_back(ty);
                }
            }
            else
            {
                std::vector<TypeId> r = reduceUnion(utv->options);
                for (TypeId ty : r)
                {
                    ty = follow(ty);
                    if (get<ErrorTypeVar>(ty) || get<AnyTypeVar>(ty))
                        return {ty};

                    if (std::find(result.begin(), result.end(), ty) == result.end())
                        result.push_back(ty);
                }
            }
        }
        else if (std::find(result.begin(), result.end(), t) == result.end())
            result.push_back(t);
    }

    return result;
}

std::optional<TypeId> TypeChecker::tryStripUnionFromNil(TypeId ty)
{
    if (const UnionTypeVar* utv = get<UnionTypeVar>(ty))
    {
        if (!std::any_of(begin(utv), end(utv), isNil))
            return ty;

        std::vector<TypeId> result;

        for (TypeId option : utv)
        {
            if (!isNil(option))
                result.push_back(option);
        }

        if (result.empty())
            return std::nullopt;

        return result.size() == 1 ? result[0] : addType(UnionTypeVar{std::move(result)});
    }

    return std::nullopt;
}

TypeId TypeChecker::stripFromNilAndReport(TypeId ty, const Location& location)
{
    ty = follow(ty);

    if (auto utv = get<UnionTypeVar>(ty))
    {
        if (!std::any_of(begin(utv), end(utv), isNil))
            return ty;
    }

    if (std::optional<TypeId> strippedUnion = tryStripUnionFromNil(ty))
    {
        reportError(location, OptionalValueAccess{ty});
        return follow(*strippedUnion);
    }

    return ty;
}

WithPredicate<TypeId> TypeChecker::checkExpr(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstExprIndexExpr& expr)
{
    TypeId ty = checkLValue(scope, expr);

    if (std::optional<LValue> lvalue = tryGetLValue(expr))
        if (std::optional<TypeId> refiTy = resolveLValue(scope, *lvalue))
            return {*refiTy, {TruthyPredicate{std::move(*lvalue), expr.location}}};

    return {ty};
}

WithPredicate<TypeId> TypeChecker::checkExpr(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstExprFunction& expr, std::optional<TypeId> expectedType)
{
    auto [funTy, funScope] = checkFunctionSignature(scope, 0, expr, std::nullopt, expectedType);

    checkFunctionBody(funScope, funTy, expr);

    return {quantify(funScope, funTy, expr.location)};
}

TypeId TypeChecker::checkExprTable(
    const ScopePtr& scope, const AstExprTable& expr, const std::vector<std::pair<TypeId, TypeId>>& fieldTypes, std::optional<TypeId> expectedType)
{
    TableTypeVar::Props props;
    std::optional<TableIndexer> indexer;

    const TableTypeVar* expectedTable = nullptr;

    if (expectedType)
    {
        if (auto ttv = get<TableTypeVar>(follow(*expectedType)))
        {
            if (ttv->state == TableState::Sealed)
                expectedTable = ttv;
        }
    }

    for (size_t i = 0; i < expr.items.size; ++i)
    {
        const AstExprTable::Item& item = expr.items.data[i];

        AstExpr* k = item.key;
        AstExpr* value = item.value;

        auto [keyType, valueType] = fieldTypes[i];

        if (item.kind == AstExprTable::Item::List)
        {
            if (expectedTable && !indexer)
                indexer = expectedTable->indexer;

            if (indexer)
            {
                unify(numberType, indexer->indexType, value->location);
                unify(valueType, indexer->indexResultType, value->location);
            }
            else
                indexer = TableIndexer{numberType, anyIfNonstrict(valueType)};
        }
        else if (item.kind == AstExprTable::Item::Record || item.kind == AstExprTable::Item::General)
        {
            if (auto key = k->as<AstExprConstantString>())
            {
                TypeId exprType = follow(valueType);
                if (isNonstrictMode() && !getTableType(exprType) && !get<FunctionTypeVar>(exprType))
                    exprType = anyType;

                if (expectedTable)
                {
                    auto it = expectedTable->props.find(key->value.data);
                    if (it != expectedTable->props.end())
                    {
                        Property expectedProp = it->second;
                        ErrorVec errors = tryUnify(exprType, expectedProp.type, k->location);
                        if (errors.empty())
                            exprType = expectedProp.type;
                    }
                    else if (expectedTable->indexer && maybeString(expectedTable->indexer->indexType))
                    {
                        ErrorVec errors = tryUnify(exprType, expectedTable->indexer->indexResultType, k->location);
                        if (errors.empty())
                            exprType = expectedTable->indexer->indexResultType;
                    }
                }

                props[key->value.data] = {exprType, /* deprecated */ false, {}, k->location};
            }
            else
            {
                if (expectedTable && !indexer)
                    indexer = expectedTable->indexer;

                if (indexer)
                {
                    unify(keyType, indexer->indexType, k->location);
                    unify(valueType, indexer->indexResultType, value->location);
                }
                else if (isNonstrictMode())
                {
                    indexer = TableIndexer{anyType, anyType};
                }
                else
                {
                    indexer = TableIndexer{keyType, valueType};
                }
            }
        }
    }

    TableState state = (expr.items.size == 0 || isNonstrictMode() || FFlag::LuauUnsealedTableLiteral) ? TableState::Unsealed : TableState::Sealed;
    TableTypeVar table = TableTypeVar{std::move(props), indexer, scope->level, state};
    table.definitionModuleName = currentModuleName;
    return addType(table);
}

WithPredicate<TypeId> TypeChecker::checkExpr(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstExprTable& expr, std::optional<TypeId> expectedType)
{
    RecursionCounter _rc(&checkRecursionCount);
    if (FInt::LuauCheckRecursionLimit > 0 && checkRecursionCount >= FInt::LuauCheckRecursionLimit)
    {
        reportErrorCodeTooComplex(expr.location);
        return {errorRecoveryType(scope)};
    }

    std::vector<std::pair<TypeId, TypeId>> fieldTypes(expr.items.size);

    const TableTypeVar* expectedTable = nullptr;
    const UnionTypeVar* expectedUnion = nullptr;
    std::optional<TypeId> expectedIndexType;
    std::optional<TypeId> expectedIndexResultType;

    if (expectedType)
    {
        if (auto ttv = get<TableTypeVar>(follow(*expectedType)))
        {
            if (ttv->state == TableState::Sealed)
            {
                expectedTable = ttv;

                if (ttv->indexer)
                {
                    expectedIndexType = ttv->indexer->indexType;
                    expectedIndexResultType = ttv->indexer->indexResultType;
                }
            }
        }
        else if (const UnionTypeVar* utv = get<UnionTypeVar>(follow(*expectedType)))
            expectedUnion = utv;
    }

    for (size_t i = 0; i < expr.items.size; ++i)
    {
        AstExprTable::Item& item = expr.items.data[i];
        std::optional<TypeId> expectedResultType;
        bool isIndexedItem = false;

        if (item.kind == AstExprTable::Item::List)
        {
            expectedResultType = expectedIndexResultType;
            isIndexedItem = true;
        }
        else if (item.kind == AstExprTable::Item::Record || item.kind == AstExprTable::Item::General)
        {
            if (auto key = item.key->as<AstExprConstantString>())
            {
                if (expectedTable)
                {
                    if (auto prop = expectedTable->props.find(key->value.data); prop != expectedTable->props.end())
                        expectedResultType = prop->second.type;
                    else if (expectedIndexType && maybeString(*expectedIndexType))
                        expectedResultType = expectedIndexResultType;
                }
                else if (expectedUnion)
                {
                    std::vector<TypeId> expectedResultTypes;
                    for (TypeId expectedOption : expectedUnion)
                        if (const TableTypeVar* ttv = get<TableTypeVar>(follow(expectedOption)))
                            if (auto prop = ttv->props.find(key->value.data); prop != ttv->props.end())
                                expectedResultTypes.push_back(prop->second.type);
                    if (expectedResultTypes.size() == 1)
                        expectedResultType = expectedResultTypes[0];
                    else if (expectedResultTypes.size() > 1)
                        expectedResultType = addType(UnionTypeVar{expectedResultTypes});
                }
            }
            else
            {
                expectedResultType = expectedIndexResultType;
                isIndexedItem = true;
            }
        }

        fieldTypes[i].first = item.key ? checkExpr(scope, *item.key, expectedIndexType).type : nullptr;
        fieldTypes[i].second = checkExpr(scope, *item.value, expectedResultType).type;

        // Indexer keys after the first are unified with the first one
        // If we don't have an expected indexer type yet, take this first item type
        if (isIndexedItem && !expectedIndexResultType)
            expectedIndexResultType = fieldTypes[i].second;
    }

    return {checkExprTable(scope, expr, fieldTypes, expectedType)};
}

WithPredicate<TypeId> TypeChecker::checkExpr(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstExprUnary& expr)
{
    WithPredicate<TypeId> result = checkExpr(scope, *expr.expr);
    TypeId operandType = follow(result.type);

    switch (expr.op)
    {
    case AstExprUnary::Not:
        return {booleanType, {NotPredicate{std::move(result.predicates)}}};
    case AstExprUnary::Minus:
    {
        const bool operandIsAny = get<AnyTypeVar>(operandType) || get<ErrorTypeVar>(operandType);

        if (operandIsAny)
            return {operandType};

        if (typeCouldHaveMetatable(operandType))
        {
            if (auto fnt = findMetatableEntry(operandType, "__unm", expr.location))
            {
                TypeId actualFunctionType = instantiate(scope, *fnt, expr.location);
                TypePackId arguments = addTypePack({operandType});
                TypePackId retTypePack = freshTypePack(scope);
                TypeId expectedFunctionType = addType(FunctionTypeVar(scope->level, arguments, retTypePack));

                Unifier state = mkUnifier(expr.location);
                state.tryUnify(actualFunctionType, expectedFunctionType, /*isFunctionCall*/ true);
                state.log.commit();

                TypeId retType = first(retTypePack).value_or(nilType);
                if (!state.errors.empty())
                    retType = errorRecoveryType(retType);

                return {retType};
            }

            reportError(expr.location,
                GenericError{format("Unary operator '%s' not supported by type '%s'", toString(expr.op).c_str(), toString(operandType).c_str())});
            return {errorRecoveryType(scope)};
        }

        reportErrors(tryUnify(operandType, numberType, expr.location));
        return {numberType};
    }
    case AstExprUnary::Len:
    {
        tablify(operandType);

        operandType = stripFromNilAndReport(operandType, expr.location);

        if (get<ErrorTypeVar>(operandType))
            return {errorRecoveryType(scope)};

        DenseHashSet<TypeId> seen{nullptr};

        if (!hasLength(operandType, seen, &recursionCount))
            reportError(TypeError{expr.location, NotATable{operandType}});

        return {numberType};
    }
    default:
        ice("Unknown AstExprUnary " + std::to_string(int(expr.op)));
    }
}

std::string opToMetaTableEntry(const AstExprBinary::Op& op)
{
    switch (op)
    {
    case AstExprBinary::CompareNe:
    case AstExprBinary::CompareEq:
        return "__eq";
    case AstExprBinary::CompareLt:
    case AstExprBinary::CompareGe:
        return "__lt";
    case AstExprBinary::CompareLe:
    case AstExprBinary::CompareGt:
        return "__le";
    case AstExprBinary::Add:
        return "__add";
    case AstExprBinary::Sub:
        return "__sub";
    case AstExprBinary::Mul:
        return "__mul";
    case AstExprBinary::Div:
        return "__div";
    case AstExprBinary::Mod:
        return "__mod";
    case AstExprBinary::Pow:
        return "__pow";
    case AstExprBinary::Concat:
        return "__concat";
    default:
        return "";
    }
}

TypeId TypeChecker::unionOfTypes(TypeId a, TypeId b, const Location& location, bool unifyFreeTypes)
{
    if (unifyFreeTypes && (get<FreeTypeVar>(a) || get<FreeTypeVar>(b)))
    {
        if (unify(b, a, location))
            return a;

        return errorRecoveryType(anyType);
    }

    if (*a == *b)
        return a;

    std::vector<TypeId> types = reduceUnion({a, b});
    if (types.size() == 1)
        return types[0];

    return addType(UnionTypeVar{types});
}

static std::optional<std::string> getIdentifierOfBaseVar(AstExpr* node)
{
    if (AstExprGlobal* expr = node->as<AstExprGlobal>())
        return expr->name.value;

    if (AstExprLocal* expr = node->as<AstExprLocal>())
        return expr->local->name.value;

    if (AstExprIndexExpr* expr = node->as<AstExprIndexExpr>())
        return getIdentifierOfBaseVar(expr->expr);

    if (AstExprIndexName* expr = node->as<AstExprIndexName>())
        return getIdentifierOfBaseVar(expr->expr);

    return std::nullopt;
}

TypeId TypeChecker::checkRelationalOperation(
    const ScopePtr& scope, const AstExprBinary& expr, TypeId lhsType, TypeId rhsType, const PredicateVec& predicates)
{
    auto stripNil = [this](TypeId ty, bool isOrOp = false) {
        ty = follow(ty);
        if (!isNonstrictMode() && !isOrOp)
            return ty;

        if (get<UnionTypeVar>(ty))
        {
            std::optional<TypeId> cleaned = tryStripUnionFromNil(ty);

            // If there is no union option without 'nil'
            if (!cleaned)
                return nilType;

            return follow(*cleaned);
        }

        return follow(ty);
    };

    bool isEquality = expr.op == AstExprBinary::CompareEq || expr.op == AstExprBinary::CompareNe;

    lhsType = stripNil(lhsType, expr.op == AstExprBinary::Or);
    rhsType = stripNil(rhsType);

    // If we know nothing at all about the lhs type, we can usually say nothing about the result.
    // The notable exception to this is the equality and inequality operators, which always produce a boolean.
    const bool lhsIsAny = get<AnyTypeVar>(lhsType) || get<ErrorTypeVar>(lhsType);

    // Peephole check for `cond and a or b -> type(a)|type(b)`
    // TODO: Kill this when singleton types arrive. :(
    if (AstExprBinary* subexp = expr.left->as<AstExprBinary>())
    {
        if (expr.op == AstExprBinary::Or && subexp->op == AstExprBinary::And)
        {
            ScopePtr subScope = childScope(scope, subexp->location);
            resolve(predicates, subScope, true);
            return unionOfTypes(rhsType, stripNil(checkExpr(subScope, *subexp->right).type, true), expr.location);
        }
    }

    // Lua casts the results of these to boolean
    switch (expr.op)
    {
    case AstExprBinary::CompareNe:
    case AstExprBinary::CompareEq:
    {
        if (isNonstrictMode() && (isNil(lhsType) || isNil(rhsType)))
            return booleanType;

        const bool rhsIsAny = get<AnyTypeVar>(rhsType) || get<ErrorTypeVar>(rhsType);
        if (lhsIsAny || rhsIsAny)
            return booleanType;

        // Fallthrough here is intentional
    }
    case AstExprBinary::CompareLt:
    case AstExprBinary::CompareGt:
    case AstExprBinary::CompareGe:
    case AstExprBinary::CompareLe:
    {
        /* Subtlety here:
         * We need to do this unification first, but there are situations where we don't actually want to
         * report any problems that might have been surfaced as a result of this step because we might already
         * have a better, more descriptive error teed up.
         */
        Unifier state = mkUnifier(expr.location);
        if (!isEquality)
        {
            state.tryUnify(rhsType, lhsType);
            state.log.commit();
        }

        bool needsMetamethod = !isEquality;

        TypeId leftType = follow(lhsType);
        if (get<PrimitiveTypeVar>(leftType) || get<AnyTypeVar>(leftType) || get<ErrorTypeVar>(leftType) || get<UnionTypeVar>(leftType))
        {
            reportErrors(state.errors);

            if (!isEquality && state.errors.empty() && (get<UnionTypeVar>(leftType) || isBoolean(leftType)))
            {
                reportError(expr.location, GenericError{format("Type '%s' cannot be compared with relational operator %s", toString(leftType).c_str(),
                                               toString(expr.op).c_str())});
            }

            return booleanType;
        }

        std::string metamethodName = opToMetaTableEntry(expr.op);

        std::optional<TypeId> leftMetatable = isString(lhsType) ? std::nullopt : getMetatable(follow(lhsType));
        std::optional<TypeId> rightMetatable = isString(rhsType) ? std::nullopt : getMetatable(follow(rhsType));

        if (leftMetatable != rightMetatable)
        {
            bool matches = false;
            if (isEquality)
            {
                if (const UnionTypeVar* utv = get<UnionTypeVar>(leftType); utv && rightMetatable)
                {
                    for (TypeId leftOption : utv)
                    {
                        if (getMetatable(follow(leftOption)) == rightMetatable)
                        {
                            matches = true;
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                }

                if (!matches)
                {
                    if (const UnionTypeVar* utv = get<UnionTypeVar>(rhsType); utv && leftMetatable)
                    {
                        for (TypeId rightOption : utv)
                        {
                            if (getMetatable(follow(rightOption)) == leftMetatable)
                            {
                                matches = true;
                                break;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }


            if (!matches)
            {
                reportError(
                    expr.location, GenericError{format("Types %s and %s cannot be compared with %s because they do not have the same metatable",
                                        toString(lhsType).c_str(), toString(rhsType).c_str(), toString(expr.op).c_str())});
                return errorRecoveryType(booleanType);
            }
        }


        if (leftMetatable)
        {
            std::optional<TypeId> metamethod = findMetatableEntry(lhsType, metamethodName, expr.location);
            if (metamethod)
            {
                if (const FunctionTypeVar* ftv = get<FunctionTypeVar>(*metamethod))
                {
                    if (isEquality)
                    {
                        Unifier state = mkUnifier(expr.location);
                        state.tryUnify(addTypePack({booleanType}), ftv->retTypes);

                        if (!state.errors.empty())
                        {
                            reportError(expr.location, GenericError{format("Metamethod '%s' must return type 'boolean'", metamethodName.c_str())});
                            return errorRecoveryType(booleanType);
                        }

                        state.log.commit();
                    }
                }

                reportErrors(state.errors);

                TypeId actualFunctionType = addType(FunctionTypeVar(scope->level, addTypePack({lhsType, rhsType}), addTypePack({booleanType})));
                state.tryUnify(
                    instantiate(scope, actualFunctionType, expr.location), instantiate(scope, *metamethod, expr.location), /*isFunctionCall*/ true);

                state.log.commit();

                reportErrors(state.errors);
                return booleanType;
            }
            else if (needsMetamethod)
            {
                reportError(
                    expr.location, GenericError{format("Table %s does not offer metamethod %s", toString(lhsType).c_str(), metamethodName.c_str())});
                return errorRecoveryType(booleanType);
            }
        }

        if (get<FreeTypeVar>(follow(lhsType)) && !isEquality)
        {
            auto name = getIdentifierOfBaseVar(expr.left);
            reportError(expr.location, CannotInferBinaryOperation{expr.op, name, CannotInferBinaryOperation::Comparison});
            return errorRecoveryType(booleanType);
        }

        if (needsMetamethod)
        {
            reportError(expr.location, GenericError{format("Type %s cannot be compared with %s because it has no metatable",
                                           toString(lhsType).c_str(), toString(expr.op).c_str())});
            return errorRecoveryType(booleanType);
        }

        return booleanType;
    }

    case AstExprBinary::And:
        if (lhsIsAny)
            return lhsType;
        return unionOfTypes(rhsType, booleanType, expr.location, false);
    case AstExprBinary::Or:
        if (lhsIsAny)
            return lhsType;
        return unionOfTypes(lhsType, rhsType, expr.location);
    default:
        LUAU_ASSERT(0);
        ice(format("checkRelationalOperation called with incorrect binary expression '%s'", toString(expr.op).c_str()), expr.location);
    }
}

TypeId TypeChecker::checkBinaryOperation(
    const ScopePtr& scope, const AstExprBinary& expr, TypeId lhsType, TypeId rhsType, const PredicateVec& predicates)
{
    switch (expr.op)
    {
    case AstExprBinary::CompareNe:
    case AstExprBinary::CompareEq:
    case AstExprBinary::CompareLt:
    case AstExprBinary::CompareGt:
    case AstExprBinary::CompareGe:
    case AstExprBinary::CompareLe:
    case AstExprBinary::And:
    case AstExprBinary::Or:
        return checkRelationalOperation(scope, expr, lhsType, rhsType, predicates);
    default:
        break;
    }

    lhsType = follow(lhsType);
    rhsType = follow(rhsType);

    if (!isNonstrictMode() && get<FreeTypeVar>(lhsType))
    {
        auto name = getIdentifierOfBaseVar(expr.left);
        reportError(expr.location, CannotInferBinaryOperation{expr.op, name, CannotInferBinaryOperation::Operation});
        // We will fall-through to the `return anyType` check below.
    }

    // If we know nothing at all about the lhs type, we can usually say nothing about the result.
    // The notable exception to this is the equality and inequality operators, which always produce a boolean.
    const bool lhsIsAny = get<AnyTypeVar>(lhsType) || get<ErrorTypeVar>(lhsType);
    const bool rhsIsAny = get<AnyTypeVar>(rhsType) || get<ErrorTypeVar>(rhsType);

    if (lhsIsAny)
        return lhsType;
    if (rhsIsAny)
        return rhsType;

    if (get<FreeTypeVar>(lhsType))
    {
        // Inferring this accurately will get a bit weird.
        // If the lhs type is not known, it could be assumed that it is a table or class that has a metatable
        // that defines the required method, but we don't know which.
        // For now, we'll give up and hope for the best.
        return anyType;
    }

    if (get<FreeTypeVar>(rhsType))
        unify(rhsType, lhsType, expr.location);

    if (typeCouldHaveMetatable(lhsType) || typeCouldHaveMetatable(rhsType))
    {
        auto checkMetatableCall = [this, &scope, &expr](TypeId fnt, TypeId lhst, TypeId rhst) -> TypeId {
            TypeId actualFunctionType = instantiate(scope, fnt, expr.location);
            TypePackId arguments = addTypePack({lhst, rhst});
            TypePackId retTypePack = freshTypePack(scope);
            TypeId expectedFunctionType = addType(FunctionTypeVar(scope->level, arguments, retTypePack));

            Unifier state = mkUnifier(expr.location);
            state.tryUnify(actualFunctionType, expectedFunctionType, /*isFunctionCall*/ true);

            reportErrors(state.errors);
            bool hasErrors = !state.errors.empty();

            if (hasErrors)
            {
                // If there are unification errors, the return type may still be unknown
                // so we loosen the argument types to see if that helps.
                TypePackId fallbackArguments = freshTypePack(scope);
                TypeId fallbackFunctionType = addType(FunctionTypeVar(scope->level, fallbackArguments, retTypePack));
                state.errors.clear();
                state.log.clear();

                state.tryUnify(actualFunctionType, fallbackFunctionType, /*isFunctionCall*/ true);

                if (state.errors.empty())
                    state.log.commit();
            }
            else
            {
                state.log.commit();
            }

            TypeId retType = first(retTypePack).value_or(nilType);
            if (hasErrors)
                retType = errorRecoveryType(retType);

            return retType;
        };

        std::string op = opToMetaTableEntry(expr.op);
        if (auto fnt = findMetatableEntry(lhsType, op, expr.location))
            return checkMetatableCall(*fnt, lhsType, rhsType);
        if (auto fnt = findMetatableEntry(rhsType, op, expr.location))
        {
            // Note the intentionally reversed arguments here.
            return checkMetatableCall(*fnt, rhsType, lhsType);
        }

        reportError(expr.location, GenericError{format("Binary operator '%s' not supported by types '%s' and '%s'", toString(expr.op).c_str(),
                                       toString(lhsType).c_str(), toString(rhsType).c_str())});

        return errorRecoveryType(scope);
    }

    switch (expr.op)
    {
    case AstExprBinary::Concat:
        reportErrors(tryUnify(lhsType, addType(UnionTypeVar{{stringType, numberType}}), expr.left->location));
        reportErrors(tryUnify(rhsType, addType(UnionTypeVar{{stringType, numberType}}), expr.right->location));
        return stringType;
    case AstExprBinary::Add:
    case AstExprBinary::Sub:
    case AstExprBinary::Mul:
    case AstExprBinary::Div:
    case AstExprBinary::Mod:
    case AstExprBinary::Pow:
        reportErrors(tryUnify(lhsType, numberType, expr.left->location));
        reportErrors(tryUnify(rhsType, numberType, expr.right->location));
        return numberType;
    default:
        // These should have been handled with checkRelationalOperation
        LUAU_ASSERT(0);
        return anyType;
    }
}

WithPredicate<TypeId> TypeChecker::checkExpr(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstExprBinary& expr)
{
    if (expr.op == AstExprBinary::And)
    {
        auto [lhsTy, lhsPredicates] = checkExpr(scope, *expr.left);

        ScopePtr innerScope = childScope(scope, expr.location);
        resolve(lhsPredicates, innerScope, true);

        auto [rhsTy, rhsPredicates] = checkExpr(innerScope, *expr.right);

        return {checkBinaryOperation(scope, expr, lhsTy, rhsTy), {AndPredicate{std::move(lhsPredicates), std::move(rhsPredicates)}}};
    }
    else if (expr.op == AstExprBinary::Or)
    {
        auto [lhsTy, lhsPredicates] = checkExpr(scope, *expr.left);

        ScopePtr innerScope = childScope(scope, expr.location);
        resolve(lhsPredicates, innerScope, false);

        auto [rhsTy, rhsPredicates] = checkExpr(innerScope, *expr.right);

        // Because of C++, I'm not sure if lhsPredicates was not moved out by the time we call checkBinaryOperation.
        TypeId result = checkBinaryOperation(scope, expr, lhsTy, rhsTy, lhsPredicates);
        return {result, {OrPredicate{std::move(lhsPredicates), std::move(rhsPredicates)}}};
    }
    else if (expr.op == AstExprBinary::CompareEq || expr.op == AstExprBinary::CompareNe)
    {
        if (auto predicate = tryGetTypeGuardPredicate(expr))
            return {booleanType, {std::move(*predicate)}};

        WithPredicate<TypeId> lhs = checkExpr(scope, *expr.left, std::nullopt, /*forceSingleton=*/true);
        WithPredicate<TypeId> rhs = checkExpr(scope, *expr.right, std::nullopt, /*forceSingleton=*/true);

        PredicateVec predicates;

        if (auto lvalue = tryGetLValue(*expr.left))
            predicates.push_back(EqPredicate{std::move(*lvalue), rhs.type, expr.location});

        if (auto lvalue = tryGetLValue(*expr.right))
            predicates.push_back(EqPredicate{std::move(*lvalue), lhs.type, expr.location});

        if (!predicates.empty() && expr.op == AstExprBinary::CompareNe)
            predicates = {NotPredicate{std::move(predicates)}};

        return {checkBinaryOperation(scope, expr, lhs.type, rhs.type), std::move(predicates)};
    }
    else
    {
        WithPredicate<TypeId> lhs = checkExpr(scope, *expr.left);
        WithPredicate<TypeId> rhs = checkExpr(scope, *expr.right);

        // Intentionally discarding predicates with other operators.
        return {checkBinaryOperation(scope, expr, lhs.type, rhs.type, lhs.predicates)};
    }
}

WithPredicate<TypeId> TypeChecker::checkExpr(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstExprTypeAssertion& expr)
{
    TypeId annotationType = resolveType(scope, *expr.annotation);
    WithPredicate<TypeId> result = checkExpr(scope, *expr.expr, annotationType);

    // Note: As an optimization, we try 'number <: number | string' first, as that is the more likely case.
    if (canUnify(annotationType, result.type, expr.location).empty())
        return {annotationType, std::move(result.predicates)};

    if (canUnify(result.type, annotationType, expr.location).empty())
        return {annotationType, std::move(result.predicates)};

    reportError(expr.location, TypesAreUnrelated{result.type, annotationType});
    return {errorRecoveryType(annotationType), std::move(result.predicates)};
}

WithPredicate<TypeId> TypeChecker::checkExpr(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstExprError& expr)
{
    const size_t oldSize = currentModule->errors.size();

    for (AstExpr* expr : expr.expressions)
        checkExpr(scope, *expr);

    // HACK: We want to check the contents of the AstExprError, but
    // any type errors that may arise from it are going to be useless.
    currentModule->errors.resize(oldSize);

    return {errorRecoveryType(scope)};
}

WithPredicate<TypeId> TypeChecker::checkExpr(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstExprIfElse& expr, std::optional<TypeId> expectedType)
{
    WithPredicate<TypeId> result = checkExpr(scope, *expr.condition);

    ScopePtr trueScope = childScope(scope, expr.trueExpr->location);
    resolve(result.predicates, trueScope, true);
    WithPredicate<TypeId> trueType = checkExpr(trueScope, *expr.trueExpr, expectedType);

    ScopePtr falseScope = childScope(scope, expr.falseExpr->location);
    resolve(result.predicates, falseScope, false);
    WithPredicate<TypeId> falseType = checkExpr(falseScope, *expr.falseExpr, expectedType);

    if (falseType.type == trueType.type)
        return {trueType.type};

    std::vector<TypeId> types = reduceUnion({trueType.type, falseType.type});
    return {types.size() == 1 ? types[0] : addType(UnionTypeVar{std::move(types)})};
}

TypeId TypeChecker::checkLValue(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstExpr& expr)
{
    return checkLValueBinding(scope, expr);
}

TypeId TypeChecker::checkLValueBinding(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstExpr& expr)
{
    if (auto a = expr.as<AstExprLocal>())
        return checkLValueBinding(scope, *a);
    else if (auto a = expr.as<AstExprGlobal>())
        return checkLValueBinding(scope, *a);
    else if (auto a = expr.as<AstExprIndexName>())
        return checkLValueBinding(scope, *a);
    else if (auto a = expr.as<AstExprIndexExpr>())
        return checkLValueBinding(scope, *a);
    else if (auto a = expr.as<AstExprError>())
    {
        for (AstExpr* expr : a->expressions)
            checkExpr(scope, *expr);
        return errorRecoveryType(scope);
    }
    else
        ice("Unexpected AST node in checkLValue", expr.location);
}

TypeId TypeChecker::checkLValueBinding(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstExprLocal& expr)
{
    if (std::optional<TypeId> ty = scope->lookup(expr.local))
        return *ty;

    reportError(expr.location, UnknownSymbol{expr.local->name.value, UnknownSymbol::Binding});
    return errorRecoveryType(scope);
}

TypeId TypeChecker::checkLValueBinding(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstExprGlobal& expr)
{
    Name name = expr.name.value;
    ScopePtr moduleScope = currentModule->getModuleScope();

    const auto it = moduleScope->bindings.find(expr.name);

    if (it != moduleScope->bindings.end())
        return it->second.typeId;

    TypeId result = freshType(scope);
    Binding& binding = moduleScope->bindings[expr.name];
    binding = {result, expr.location};

    // If we're in strict mode, we want to report defining a global as an error,
    // but still add it to the bindings, so that autocomplete includes it in completions.
    if (!isNonstrictMode())
        reportError(TypeError{expr.location, UnknownSymbol{name, UnknownSymbol::Binding}});

    return result;
}

TypeId TypeChecker::checkLValueBinding(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstExprIndexName& expr)
{
    TypeId lhs = checkExpr(scope, *expr.expr).type;

    if (get<ErrorTypeVar>(lhs) || get<AnyTypeVar>(lhs))
        return lhs;

    tablify(lhs);

    Name name = expr.index.value;

    lhs = stripFromNilAndReport(lhs, expr.expr->location);

    if (TableTypeVar* lhsTable = getMutableTableType(lhs))
    {
        const auto& it = lhsTable->props.find(name);
        if (it != lhsTable->props.end())
        {
            return it->second.type;
        }
        else if (lhsTable->state == TableState::Unsealed || lhsTable->state == TableState::Free)
        {
            TypeId theType = freshType(scope);
            Property& property = lhsTable->props[name];
            property.type = theType;
            property.location = expr.indexLocation;
            return theType;
        }
        else if (auto indexer = lhsTable->indexer)
        {
            Unifier state = mkUnifier(expr.location);
            state.tryUnify(stringType, indexer->indexType);
            TypeId retType = indexer->indexResultType;
            if (!state.errors.empty())
            {

                reportError(expr.location, UnknownProperty{lhs, name});
                retType = errorRecoveryType(retType);
            }
            else
                state.log.commit();

            return retType;
        }
        else if (lhsTable->state == TableState::Sealed)
        {
            reportError(TypeError{expr.location, CannotExtendTable{lhs, CannotExtendTable::Property, name}});
            return errorRecoveryType(scope);
        }
        else
        {
            reportError(TypeError{expr.location, GenericError{"Internal error: generic tables are not lvalues"}});
            return errorRecoveryType(scope);
        }
    }
    else if (const ClassTypeVar* lhsClass = get<ClassTypeVar>(lhs))
    {
        const Property* prop = lookupClassProp(lhsClass, name);
        if (!prop)
        {
            reportError(TypeError{expr.location, UnknownProperty{lhs, name}});
            return errorRecoveryType(scope);
        }

        return prop->type;
    }
    else if (get<IntersectionTypeVar>(lhs))
    {
        if (std::optional<TypeId> ty = getIndexTypeFromType(scope, lhs, name, expr.location, false))
            return *ty;

        // If intersection has a table part, report that it cannot be extended just as a sealed table
        if (isTableIntersection(lhs))
        {
            reportError(TypeError{expr.location, CannotExtendTable{lhs, CannotExtendTable::Property, name}});
            return errorRecoveryType(scope);
        }
    }

    reportError(TypeError{expr.location, NotATable{lhs}});
    return errorRecoveryType(scope);
}

TypeId TypeChecker::checkLValueBinding(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstExprIndexExpr& expr)
{
    TypeId exprType = checkExpr(scope, *expr.expr).type;
    tablify(exprType);

    exprType = stripFromNilAndReport(exprType, expr.expr->location);

    TypeId indexType = checkExpr(scope, *expr.index).type;

    if (get<AnyTypeVar>(exprType) || get<ErrorTypeVar>(exprType))
        return exprType;

    AstExprConstantString* value = expr.index->as<AstExprConstantString>();

    if (value)
    {
        if (const ClassTypeVar* exprClass = get<ClassTypeVar>(exprType))
        {
            const Property* prop = lookupClassProp(exprClass, value->value.data);
            if (!prop)
            {
                reportError(TypeError{expr.location, UnknownProperty{exprType, value->value.data}});
                return errorRecoveryType(scope);
            }
            return prop->type;
        }
    }

    TableTypeVar* exprTable = getMutableTableType(exprType);

    if (!exprTable)
    {
        reportError(TypeError{expr.expr->location, NotATable{exprType}});
        return errorRecoveryType(scope);
    }

    if (value)
    {
        const auto& it = exprTable->props.find(value->value.data);
        if (it != exprTable->props.end())
        {
            return it->second.type;
        }
        else if (exprTable->state == TableState::Unsealed || exprTable->state == TableState::Free)
        {
            TypeId resultType = freshType(scope);
            Property& property = exprTable->props[value->value.data];
            property.type = resultType;
            property.location = expr.index->location;
            return resultType;
        }
    }

    if (exprTable->indexer)
    {
        const TableIndexer& indexer = *exprTable->indexer;
        unify(indexType, indexer.indexType, expr.index->location);
        return indexer.indexResultType;
    }
    else if (exprTable->state == TableState::Unsealed || exprTable->state == TableState::Free)
    {
        TypeId resultType = freshType(exprTable->level);
        exprTable->indexer = TableIndexer{anyIfNonstrict(indexType), anyIfNonstrict(resultType)};
        return resultType;
    }
    else
    {
        /*
         * If we use [] indexing to fetch a property from a sealed table that has no indexer, we have no idea if it will
         * work, so we just mint a fresh type, return that, and hope for the best.
         */
        TypeId resultType = freshType(scope);
        return resultType;
    }
}

// Answers the question: "Can I define another function with this name?"
// Primarily about detecting duplicates.
TypeId TypeChecker::checkFunctionName(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExpr& funName, TypeLevel level)
{
    auto freshTy = [&]() {
        return freshType(level);
    };

    if (auto globalName = funName.as<AstExprGlobal>())
    {
        const ScopePtr& globalScope = currentModule->getModuleScope();
        Symbol name = globalName->name;
        if (globalScope->bindings.count(name))
        {
            if (isNonstrictMode())
                return globalScope->bindings[name].typeId;

            return errorRecoveryType(scope);
        }
        else
        {
            TypeId ty = freshTy();
            globalScope->bindings[name] = {ty, funName.location};
            return ty;
        }
    }
    else if (auto localName = funName.as<AstExprLocal>())
    {
        Symbol name = localName->local;
        Binding& binding = scope->bindings[name];
        if (binding.typeId == nullptr)
            binding = {freshTy(), funName.location};

        return binding.typeId;
    }
    else if (auto indexName = funName.as<AstExprIndexName>())
    {
        TypeId lhsType = checkExpr(scope, *indexName->expr).type;
        TableTypeVar* ttv = getMutableTableType(lhsType);

        if (!ttv || ttv->state == TableState::Sealed)
        {
            if (auto ty = getIndexTypeFromType(scope, lhsType, indexName->index.value, indexName->indexLocation, false))
                return *ty;

            return errorRecoveryType(scope);
        }

        Name name = indexName->index.value;

        if (ttv->props.count(name))
            return ttv->props[name].type;

        Property& property = ttv->props[name];

        property.type = freshTy();
        property.location = indexName->indexLocation;
        return property.type;
    }
    else if (funName.is<AstExprError>())
        return errorRecoveryType(scope);
    else
    {
        ice("Unexpected AST node type", funName.location);
    }
}

// This returns a pair `[funType, funScope]` where
// - funType is the prototype type of the function
// - funScope is the scope for the function, which is a child scope with bindings added for
//   parameters (and generic types if there were explicit generic annotations).
//
// The function type is a prototype, in that it may be missing some generic types which
// can only be inferred from type inference after typechecking the function body.
// For example the function `function id(x) return x end` has prototype
// `(X) -> Y...`, but after typechecking the body, we cam unify `Y...` with `X`
// to get type `(X) -> X`, then we quantify the free types to get the final
// generic type `<a>(a) -> a`.
std::pair<TypeId, ScopePtr> TypeChecker::checkFunctionSignature(
    const ScopePtr& scope, int subLevel, const AstExprFunction& expr, std::optional<Location> originalName, std::optional<TypeId> expectedType)
{
    ScopePtr funScope = childFunctionScope(scope, expr.location, subLevel);

    const FunctionTypeVar* expectedFunctionType = nullptr;

    if (expectedType)
    {
        LUAU_ASSERT(!expr.self);

        if (auto ftv = get<FunctionTypeVar>(follow(*expectedType)))
        {
            expectedFunctionType = ftv;
        }
        else if (auto utv = get<UnionTypeVar>(follow(*expectedType)))
        {
            // Look for function type in a union. Other types can be ignored since current expression is a function
            for (auto option : utv)
            {
                if (auto ftv = get<FunctionTypeVar>(follow(option)))
                {
                    if (!expectedFunctionType)
                    {
                        expectedFunctionType = ftv;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        // Do not infer argument types when multiple overloads are expected
                        expectedFunctionType = nullptr;
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        // We do not infer type binders, so if a generic function is required we do not propagate
        if (expectedFunctionType && !(expectedFunctionType->generics.empty() && expectedFunctionType->genericPacks.empty()))
            expectedFunctionType = nullptr;
    }

    auto [generics, genericPacks] = createGenericTypes(funScope, std::nullopt, expr, expr.generics, expr.genericPacks);

    TypePackId retPack;
    if (expr.returnAnnotation)
        retPack = resolveTypePack(funScope, *expr.returnAnnotation);
    else if (FFlag::LuauReturnTypeInferenceInNonstrict ? (!FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation && isNonstrictMode()) : isNonstrictMode())
        retPack = anyTypePack;
    else if (expectedFunctionType)
    {
        auto [head, tail] = flatten(expectedFunctionType->retTypes);

        // Do not infer 'nil' as function return type
        if (!tail && head.size() == 1 && isNil(head[0]))
            retPack = freshTypePack(funScope);
        else
            retPack = addTypePack(head, tail);
    }
    else
        retPack = freshTypePack(funScope);

    if (expr.vararg)
    {
        if (expr.varargAnnotation)
            funScope->varargPack = resolveTypePack(funScope, *expr.varargAnnotation);
        else
        {
            if (expectedFunctionType && !isNonstrictMode())
            {
                auto [head, tail] = flatten(expectedFunctionType->argTypes);

                if (expr.args.size <= head.size())
                {
                    head.erase(head.begin(), head.begin() + expr.args.size);

                    funScope->varargPack = addTypePack(head, tail);
                }
                else if (tail)
                {
                    if (get<VariadicTypePack>(follow(*tail)))
                        funScope->varargPack = addTypePack({}, tail);
                }
                else
                {
                    funScope->varargPack = addTypePack({});
                }
            }

            // TODO: should this be a free type pack? CLI-39910
            if (!funScope->varargPack)
                funScope->varargPack = anyTypePack;
        }
    }
    else if (FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation && !isNonstrictMode())
    {
        funScope->varargPack = addTypePack(TypePackVar{VariadicTypePack{anyType, /*hidden*/ true}});
    }

    std::vector<TypeId> argTypes;

    funScope->returnType = retPack;

    if (expr.self)
    {
        // TODO: generic self types: CLI-39906
        TypeId selfType = anyIfNonstrict(freshType(funScope));
        funScope->bindings[expr.self] = {selfType, expr.self->location};
        argTypes.push_back(selfType);
    }

    // Prepare expected argument type iterators if we have an expected function type
    TypePackIterator expectedArgsCurr, expectedArgsEnd;

    if (expectedFunctionType && !isNonstrictMode())
    {
        expectedArgsCurr = begin(expectedFunctionType->argTypes);
        expectedArgsEnd = end(expectedFunctionType->argTypes);
    }

    for (AstLocal* local : expr.args)
    {
        TypeId argType = nullptr;

        if (local->annotation)
        {
            argType = resolveType(funScope, *local->annotation);

            // If the annotation type has an error, treat it as if there was no annotation
            if (get<ErrorTypeVar>(follow(argType)))
                argType = anyIfNonstrict(freshType(funScope));
        }
        else
        {
            if (expectedFunctionType && !isNonstrictMode())
            {
                if (expectedArgsCurr != expectedArgsEnd)
                {
                    argType = *expectedArgsCurr;
                }
                else if (auto expectedArgsTail = expectedArgsCurr.tail())
                {
                    if (const VariadicTypePack* vtp = get<VariadicTypePack>(follow(*expectedArgsTail)))
                        argType = vtp->ty;
                }
            }

            if (!argType)
                argType = anyIfNonstrict(freshType(funScope));
        }

        funScope->bindings[local] = {argType, local->location};
        argTypes.push_back(argType);

        if (expectedArgsCurr != expectedArgsEnd)
            ++expectedArgsCurr;
    }

    TypePackId argPack = addTypePack(TypePackVar(TypePack{argTypes, funScope->varargPack}));

    FunctionDefinition defn;
    defn.definitionModuleName = currentModuleName;
    defn.definitionLocation = expr.location;
    defn.varargLocation = expr.vararg ? std::make_optional(expr.varargLocation) : std::nullopt;
    defn.originalNameLocation = originalName.value_or(Location(expr.location.begin, 0));

    std::vector<TypeId> genericTys;
    genericTys.reserve(generics.size());
    std::transform(generics.begin(), generics.end(), std::back_inserter(genericTys), [](auto&& el) {
        return el.ty;
    });

    std::vector<TypePackId> genericTps;
    genericTps.reserve(genericPacks.size());
    std::transform(genericPacks.begin(), genericPacks.end(), std::back_inserter(genericTps), [](auto&& el) {
        return el.tp;
    });

    TypeId funTy =
        addType(FunctionTypeVar(funScope->level, std::move(genericTys), std::move(genericTps), argPack, retPack, std::move(defn), bool(expr.self)));

    FunctionTypeVar* ftv = getMutable<FunctionTypeVar>(funTy);

    ftv->argNames.reserve(expr.args.size + (expr.self ? 1 : 0));

    if (expr.self)
        ftv->argNames.push_back(FunctionArgument{"self", {}});

    for (AstLocal* local : expr.args)
        ftv->argNames.push_back(FunctionArgument{local->name.value, local->location});

    return std::make_pair(funTy, funScope);
}

static bool allowsNoReturnValues(const TypePackId tp)
{
    for (TypeId ty : tp)
    {
        if (!get<ErrorTypeVar>(follow(ty)))
        {
            return false;
        }
    }

    return true;
}

static Location getEndLocation(const AstExprFunction& function)
{
    Location loc = function.location;
    if (loc.begin.line != loc.end.line)
    {
        Position begin = loc.end;
        begin.column = std::max(0u, begin.column - 3);
        loc = Location(begin, 3);
    }

    return loc;
}

void TypeChecker::checkFunctionBody(const ScopePtr& scope, TypeId ty, const AstExprFunction& function)
{
    LUAU_TIMETRACE_SCOPE("TypeChecker::checkFunctionBody", "TypeChecker");

    if (function.debugname.value)
        LUAU_TIMETRACE_ARGUMENT("name", function.debugname.value);
    else
        LUAU_TIMETRACE_ARGUMENT("line", std::to_string(function.location.begin.line).c_str());

    if (FunctionTypeVar* funTy = getMutable<FunctionTypeVar>(ty))
    {
        check(scope, *function.body);

        if (useConstrainedIntersections())
        {
            TypePackId retPack = follow(funTy->retTypes);
            // It is possible for a function to have no annotation and no return statement, and yet still have an ascribed return type
            // if it is expected to conform to some other interface. (eg the function may be a lambda passed as a callback)
            if (!hasReturn(function.body) && !function.returnAnnotation.has_value() && get<FreeTypePack>(retPack))
            {
                auto level = getLevel(retPack);
                if (level && scope->level.subsumes(*level))
                    *asMutable(retPack) = TypePack{{}, std::nullopt};
            }
        }
        else
        {
            // We explicitly don't follow here to check if we have a 'true' free type instead of bound one
            if (get_if<FreeTypePack>(&funTy->retTypes->ty))
                *asMutable(funTy->retTypes) = TypePack{{}, std::nullopt};
        }

        bool reachesImplicitReturn = getFallthrough(function.body) != nullptr;

        if (reachesImplicitReturn && !allowsNoReturnValues(follow(funTy->retTypes)))
        {
            // If we're in nonstrict mode we want to only report this missing return
            // statement if there are type annotations on the function. In strict mode
            // we report it regardless.
            if (!isNonstrictMode() || function.returnAnnotation)
            {
                reportError(getEndLocation(function), FunctionExitsWithoutReturning{funTy->retTypes});
            }
        }
    }
    else
        ice("Checking non functional type");
}

WithPredicate<TypePackId> TypeChecker::checkExprPack(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstExpr& expr)
{
    if (auto a = expr.as<AstExprCall>())
        return checkExprPack(scope, *a);
    else if (expr.is<AstExprVarargs>())
    {
        if (!scope->varargPack)
            return {errorRecoveryTypePack(scope)};

        return {*scope->varargPack};
    }
    else
    {
        TypeId type = checkExpr(scope, expr).type;
        return {addTypePack({type})};
    }
}

// Returns the minimum number of arguments the argument list can accept.
static size_t getMinParameterCount(TxnLog* log, TypePackId tp)
{
    size_t minCount = 0;
    size_t optionalCount = 0;

    auto it = begin(tp, log);
    auto endIter = end(tp);

    while (it != endIter)
    {
        TypeId ty = *it;
        if (isOptional(ty))
            ++optionalCount;
        else
        {
            minCount += optionalCount;
            optionalCount = 0;
            minCount++;
        }

        ++it;
    }

    return minCount;
}

void TypeChecker::checkArgumentList(
    const ScopePtr& scope, Unifier& state, TypePackId argPack, TypePackId paramPack, const std::vector<Location>& argLocations)
{
    /* Important terminology refresher:
     * A function requires parameters.
     * To call a function, you supply arguments.
     */
    TypePackIterator argIter = begin(argPack, &state.log);
    TypePackIterator paramIter = begin(paramPack, &state.log);
    TypePackIterator endIter = end(argPack); // Important subtlety: All end TypePackIterators are equivalent

    size_t paramIndex = 0;

    auto reportCountMismatchError = [&state, &argLocations, paramPack, argPack]() {
        // For this case, we want the error span to cover every errant extra parameter
        Location location = state.location;
        if (!argLocations.empty())
            location = {state.location.begin, argLocations.back().end};

        size_t minParams = getMinParameterCount(&state.log, paramPack);
        state.reportError(TypeError{location, CountMismatch{minParams, std::distance(begin(argPack), end(argPack))}});
    };

    while (true)
    {
        state.location = paramIndex < argLocations.size() ? argLocations[paramIndex] : state.location;

        if (argIter == endIter && paramIter == endIter)
        {
            std::optional<TypePackId> argTail = argIter.tail();
            std::optional<TypePackId> paramTail = paramIter.tail();

            // If we hit the end of both type packs simultaneously, then there are definitely no further type
            // errors to report.  All we need to do is tie up any free tails.
            //
            // If one side has a free tail and the other has none at all, we create an empty pack and bind the
            // free tail to that.

            if (argTail)
            {
                if (state.log.getMutable<Unifiable::Free>(state.log.follow(*argTail)))
                {
                    if (paramTail)
                        state.tryUnify(*paramTail, *argTail);
                    else
                        state.log.replace(*argTail, TypePackVar(TypePack{{}}));
                }
            }
            else if (paramTail)
            {
                // argTail is definitely empty
                if (state.log.getMutable<Unifiable::Free>(state.log.follow(*paramTail)))
                    state.log.replace(*paramTail, TypePackVar(TypePack{{}}));
            }

            return;
        }
        else if (argIter == endIter)
        {
            // Not enough arguments.

            // Might be ok if we are forwarding a vararg along.  This is a common thing to occur in nonstrict mode.
            if (argIter.tail())
            {
                TypePackId tail = *argIter.tail();
                if (state.log.getMutable<Unifiable::Error>(tail))
                {
                    // Unify remaining parameters so we don't leave any free-types hanging around.
                    while (paramIter != endIter)
                    {
                        state.tryUnify(errorRecoveryType(anyType), *paramIter);
                        ++paramIter;
                    }
                    return;
                }
                else if (auto vtp = state.log.getMutable<VariadicTypePack>(tail))
                {
                    // Function is variadic and requires that all subsequent parameters
                    // be compatible with a type.
                    while (paramIter != endIter)
                    {
                        state.tryUnify(vtp->ty, *paramIter);
                        ++paramIter;
                    }

                    return;
                }
                else if (state.log.getMutable<FreeTypePack>(tail))
                {
                    std::vector<TypeId> rest;
                    rest.reserve(std::distance(paramIter, endIter));
                    while (paramIter != endIter)
                    {
                        rest.push_back(*paramIter);
                        ++paramIter;
                    }

                    TypePackId varPack = addTypePack(TypePackVar{TypePack{rest, paramIter.tail()}});
                    state.tryUnify(varPack, tail);
                    return;
                }
            }

            // If any remaining unfulfilled parameters are nonoptional, this is a problem.
            while (paramIter != endIter)
            {
                TypeId t = state.log.follow(*paramIter);
                if (isOptional(t))
                {
                } // ok
                else if (state.log.getMutable<ErrorTypeVar>(t))
                {
                } // ok
                else
                {
                    size_t minParams = getMinParameterCount(&state.log, paramPack);

                    std::optional<TypePackId> tail = flatten(paramPack, state.log).second;
                    bool isVariadic = tail && Luau::isVariadic(*tail);

                    state.reportError(TypeError{state.location, CountMismatch{minParams, paramIndex, CountMismatch::Context::Arg, isVariadic}});
                    return;
                }
                ++paramIter;
            }
        }
        else if (paramIter == endIter)
        {
            // too many parameters passed
            if (!paramIter.tail())
            {
                while (argIter != endIter)
                {
                    // The use of unify here is deliberate. We don't want this unification
                    // to be undoable.
                    unify(errorRecoveryType(scope), *argIter, state.location);
                    ++argIter;
                }
                reportCountMismatchError();
                return;
            }
            TypePackId tail = state.log.follow(*paramIter.tail());

            if (state.log.getMutable<Unifiable::Error>(tail))
            {
                // Function is variadic.  Ok.
                return;
            }
            else if (auto vtp = state.log.getMutable<VariadicTypePack>(tail))
            {
                if (FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation && vtp->hidden)
                {
                    // We know that this function can technically be oversaturated, but we have its definition and we
                    // know that it's useless.

                    TypeId e = errorRecoveryType(scope);
                    while (argIter != endIter)
                    {
                        unify(e, *argIter, state.location);
                        ++argIter;
                    }

                    reportCountMismatchError();
                    return;
                }
                // Function is variadic and requires that all subsequent parameters
                // be compatible with a type.
                size_t argIndex = paramIndex;
                while (argIter != endIter)
                {
                    Location location = state.location;

                    if (argIndex < argLocations.size())
                        location = argLocations[argIndex];

                    unify(*argIter, vtp->ty, location);
                    ++argIter;
                    ++argIndex;
                }

                return;
            }
            else if (state.log.getMutable<FreeTypePack>(tail))
            {
                // Create a type pack out of the remaining argument types
                // and unify it with the tail.
                std::vector<TypeId> rest;
                rest.reserve(std::distance(argIter, endIter));
                while (argIter != endIter)
                {
                    rest.push_back(*argIter);
                    ++argIter;
                }

                TypePackId varPack = addTypePack(TypePackVar{TypePack{rest, argIter.tail()}});
                state.tryUnify(varPack, tail);

                return;
            }
            else if (state.log.getMutable<FreeTypePack>(tail))
            {
                state.log.replace(tail, TypePackVar(TypePack{{}}));
                return;
            }
            else if (state.log.getMutable<GenericTypePack>(tail))
            {
                reportCountMismatchError();
                return;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            unifyWithInstantiationIfNeeded(scope, *argIter, *paramIter, state);
            ++argIter;
            ++paramIter;
        }

        ++paramIndex;
    }
}

WithPredicate<TypePackId> TypeChecker::checkExprPack(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstExprCall& expr)
{
    // evaluate type of function
    // decompose an intersection into its component overloads
    // Compute types of parameters
    // For each overload
    //     Compare parameter and argument types
    //     Report any errors (also speculate dot vs colon warnings!)
    //     Return the resulting return type (even if there are errors)
    // If there are no matching overloads, unify with (a...) -> (b...) and return b...

    TypeId selfType = nullptr;
    TypeId functionType = nullptr;
    TypeId actualFunctionType = nullptr;

    if (expr.self)
    {
        AstExprIndexName* indexExpr = expr.func->as<AstExprIndexName>();
        if (!indexExpr)
            ice("method call expression has no 'self'");

        selfType = checkExpr(scope, *indexExpr->expr).type;
        selfType = stripFromNilAndReport(selfType, expr.func->location);

        if (std::optional<TypeId> propTy = getIndexTypeFromType(scope, selfType, indexExpr->index.value, expr.location, true))
        {
            functionType = *propTy;
            actualFunctionType = instantiate(scope, functionType, expr.func->location);
        }
        else
        {
            functionType = errorRecoveryType(scope);
            actualFunctionType = functionType;
        }
    }
    else
    {
        functionType = checkExpr(scope, *expr.func).type;
        actualFunctionType = instantiate(scope, functionType, expr.func->location);
    }

    TypePackId retPack;
    if (FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation)
    {
        retPack = freshTypePack(scope->level);
    }
    else
    {
        if (auto free = get<FreeTypeVar>(actualFunctionType))
        {
            retPack = freshTypePack(free->level);
            TypePackId freshArgPack = freshTypePack(free->level);
            asMutable(actualFunctionType)->ty.emplace<FunctionTypeVar>(free->level, freshArgPack, retPack);
        }
        else
            retPack = freshTypePack(scope->level);
    }

    // checkExpr will log the pre-instantiated type of the function.
    // That's not nearly as interesting as the instantiated type, which will include details about how
    // generic functions are being instantiated for this particular callsite.
    currentModule->astOriginalCallTypes[expr.func] = follow(functionType);
    currentModule->astTypes[expr.func] = actualFunctionType;

    std::vector<TypeId> overloads = flattenIntersection(actualFunctionType);

    std::vector<std::optional<TypeId>> expectedTypes = getExpectedTypesForCall(overloads, expr.args.size, expr.self);

    WithPredicate<TypePackId> argListResult = checkExprList(scope, expr.location, expr.args, false, {}, expectedTypes);
    TypePackId argPack = argListResult.type;

    if (get<Unifiable::Error>(argPack))
        return {errorRecoveryTypePack(scope)};

    TypePack* args = getMutable<TypePack>(argPack);
    LUAU_ASSERT(args != nullptr);

    if (expr.self)
        args->head.insert(args->head.begin(), selfType);

    std::vector<Location> argLocations;
    argLocations.reserve(expr.args.size + 1);
    if (expr.self)
        argLocations.push_back(expr.func->as<AstExprIndexName>()->expr->location);
    for (AstExpr* arg : expr.args)
        argLocations.push_back(arg->location);

    std::vector<OverloadErrorEntry> errors; // errors encountered for each overload

    std::vector<TypeId> overloadsThatMatchArgCount;
    std::vector<TypeId> overloadsThatDont;

    for (TypeId fn : overloads)
    {
        fn = follow(fn);

        if (auto ret = checkCallOverload(
                scope, expr, fn, retPack, argPack, args, &argLocations, argListResult, overloadsThatMatchArgCount, overloadsThatDont, errors))
            return *ret;
    }

    if (handleSelfCallMismatch(scope, expr, args, argLocations, errors))
        return {retPack};

    reportOverloadResolutionError(scope, expr, retPack, argPack, argLocations, overloads, overloadsThatMatchArgCount, errors);

    const FunctionTypeVar* overload = nullptr;
    if (!overloadsThatMatchArgCount.empty())
        overload = get<FunctionTypeVar>(overloadsThatMatchArgCount[0]);
    if (!overload && !overloadsThatDont.empty())
        overload = get<FunctionTypeVar>(overloadsThatDont[0]);
    if (overload)
        return {errorRecoveryTypePack(overload->retTypes)};

    return {errorRecoveryTypePack(retPack)};
}

std::vector<std::optional<TypeId>> TypeChecker::getExpectedTypesForCall(const std::vector<TypeId>& overloads, size_t argumentCount, bool selfCall)
{
    std::vector<std::optional<TypeId>> expectedTypes;

    auto assignOption = [this, &expectedTypes](size_t index, TypeId ty) {
        if (index == expectedTypes.size())
        {
            expectedTypes.push_back(ty);
        }
        else if (ty)
        {
            auto& el = expectedTypes[index];

            if (!el)
            {
                el = ty;
            }
            else
            {
                std::vector<TypeId> result = reduceUnion({*el, ty});
                el = result.size() == 1 ? result[0] : addType(UnionTypeVar{std::move(result)});
            }
        }
    };

    for (const TypeId overload : overloads)
    {
        if (const FunctionTypeVar* ftv = get<FunctionTypeVar>(overload))
        {
            auto [argsHead, argsTail] = flatten(ftv->argTypes);

            size_t start = selfCall ? 1 : 0;
            size_t index = 0;

            for (size_t i = start; i < argsHead.size(); ++i)
                assignOption(index++, argsHead[i]);

            if (argsTail)
            {
                argsTail = follow(*argsTail);
                if (const VariadicTypePack* vtp = get<VariadicTypePack>(*argsTail))
                {
                    while (index < argumentCount)
                        assignOption(index++, vtp->ty);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    Demoter demoter{&currentModule->internalTypes};
    demoter.demote(expectedTypes);

    return expectedTypes;
}

std::optional<WithPredicate<TypePackId>> TypeChecker::checkCallOverload(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstExprCall& expr, TypeId fn, TypePackId retPack,
    TypePackId argPack, TypePack* args, const std::vector<Location>* argLocations, const WithPredicate<TypePackId>& argListResult,
    std::vector<TypeId>& overloadsThatMatchArgCount, std::vector<TypeId>& overloadsThatDont, std::vector<OverloadErrorEntry>& errors)
{
    LUAU_ASSERT(argLocations);

    fn = stripFromNilAndReport(fn, expr.func->location);

    if (get<AnyTypeVar>(fn))
    {
        unify(anyTypePack, argPack, expr.location);
        return {{anyTypePack}};
    }

    if (get<ErrorTypeVar>(fn))
    {
        return {{errorRecoveryTypePack(scope)}};
    }

    if (auto ftv = get<FreeTypeVar>(fn))
    {
        // fn is one of the overloads of actualFunctionType, which
        // has been instantiated, so is a monotype. We can therefore
        // unify it with a monomorphic function.
        if (useConstrainedIntersections())
        {
            // This ternary is phrased deliberately.  We need ties between sibling scopes to bias toward ftv->level.
            const TypeLevel level = scope->level.subsumes(ftv->level) ? scope->level : ftv->level;

            std::vector<TypeId> adjustedArgTypes;
            auto it = begin(argPack);
            auto endIt = end(argPack);
            Widen widen{&currentModule->internalTypes};
            for (; it != endIt; ++it)
            {
                adjustedArgTypes.push_back(addType(ConstrainedTypeVar{level, {widen(*it)}}));
            }

            TypePackId adjustedArgPack = addTypePack(TypePack{std::move(adjustedArgTypes), it.tail()});

            TxnLog log;
            promoteTypeLevels(log, &currentModule->internalTypes, level, retPack);
            log.commit();

            *asMutable(fn) = FunctionTypeVar{level, adjustedArgPack, retPack};
            return {{retPack}};
        }
        else
        {
            TypeId r = addType(FunctionTypeVar(scope->level, argPack, retPack));

            UnifierOptions options;
            options.isFunctionCall = true;
            unify(r, fn, expr.location, options);

            return {{retPack}};
        }
    }

    std::vector<Location> metaArgLocations;

    // Might be a callable table
    if (const MetatableTypeVar* mttv = get<MetatableTypeVar>(fn))
    {
        if (std::optional<TypeId> ty = getIndexTypeFromType(scope, mttv->metatable, "__call", expr.func->location, false))
        {
            // Construct arguments with 'self' added in front
            TypePackId metaCallArgPack = addTypePack(TypePackVar(TypePack{args->head, args->tail}));

            TypePack* metaCallArgs = getMutable<TypePack>(metaCallArgPack);
            metaCallArgs->head.insert(metaCallArgs->head.begin(), fn);

            metaArgLocations = *argLocations;
            metaArgLocations.insert(metaArgLocations.begin(), expr.func->location);

            fn = instantiate(scope, *ty, expr.func->location);

            argPack = metaCallArgPack;
            args = metaCallArgs;
            argLocations = &metaArgLocations;
        }
    }

    const FunctionTypeVar* ftv = get<FunctionTypeVar>(fn);
    if (!ftv)
    {
        reportError(TypeError{expr.func->location, CannotCallNonFunction{fn}});
        unify(errorRecoveryTypePack(scope), retPack, expr.func->location);
        return {{errorRecoveryTypePack(retPack)}};
    }

    // When this function type has magic functions and did return something, we select that overload instead.
    // TODO: pass in a Unifier object to the magic functions? This will allow the magic functions to cooperate with overload resolution.
    if (ftv->magicFunction)
    {
        // TODO: We're passing in the wrong TypePackId. Should be argPack, but a unit test fails otherwise. CLI-40458
        if (std::optional<WithPredicate<TypePackId>> ret = ftv->magicFunction(*this, scope, expr, argListResult))
            return *ret;
    }

    Unifier state = mkUnifier(expr.location);

    // Unify return types
    checkArgumentList(scope, state, retPack, ftv->retTypes, /*argLocations*/ {});
    if (!state.errors.empty())
    {
        return {};
    }

    checkArgumentList(scope, state, argPack, ftv->argTypes, *argLocations);

    if (!state.errors.empty())
    {
        bool argMismatch = false;
        for (auto error : state.errors)
        {
            CountMismatch* cm = get<CountMismatch>(error);
            if (!cm)
                continue;

            if (cm->context == CountMismatch::Arg)
            {
                argMismatch = true;
                break;
            }
        }

        if (!argMismatch)
            overloadsThatMatchArgCount.push_back(fn);
        else
            overloadsThatDont.push_back(fn);

        errors.emplace_back(std::move(state.errors), args->head, ftv);
    }
    else
    {
        state.log.commit();

        currentModule->astOverloadResolvedTypes[&expr] = fn;

        // We select this overload
        return {{retPack}};
    }

    return {};
}

bool TypeChecker::handleSelfCallMismatch(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstExprCall& expr, TypePack* args, const std::vector<Location>& argLocations,
    const std::vector<OverloadErrorEntry>& errors)
{
    // No overloads succeeded: Scan for one that would have worked had the user
    // used a.b() rather than a:b() or vice versa.
    for (const auto& [_, argVec, ftv] : errors)
    {
        // Did you write foo:bar() when you should have written foo.bar()?
        if (expr.self)
        {
            std::vector<Location> editedArgLocations(argLocations.begin() + 1, argLocations.end());

            std::vector<TypeId> editedParamList(args->head.begin() + 1, args->head.end());
            TypePackId editedArgPack = addTypePack(TypePack{editedParamList});

            Unifier editedState = mkUnifier(expr.location);
            checkArgumentList(scope, editedState, editedArgPack, ftv->argTypes, editedArgLocations);

            if (editedState.errors.empty())
            {
                editedState.log.commit();

                reportError(TypeError{expr.location, FunctionDoesNotTakeSelf{}});
                // This is a little bit suspect: If this overload would work with a . replaced by a :
                // we eagerly assume that that's what you actually meant and we commit to it.
                // This could be incorrect if the function has an additional overload that
                // actually works.
                // checkArgumentList(scope, editedState, retPack, ftv->retTypes, retLocations, CountMismatch::Return);
                return true;
            }
        }
        else if (ftv->hasSelf)
        {
            // Did you write foo.bar() when you should have written foo:bar()?
            if (AstExprIndexName* indexName = expr.func->as<AstExprIndexName>())
            {
                std::vector<Location> editedArgLocations;
                editedArgLocations.reserve(argLocations.size() + 1);
                editedArgLocations.push_back(indexName->expr->location);
                editedArgLocations.insert(editedArgLocations.end(), argLocations.begin(), argLocations.end());

                std::vector<TypeId> editedArgList(args->head);
                editedArgList.insert(editedArgList.begin(), checkExpr(scope, *indexName->expr).type);
                TypePackId editedArgPack = addTypePack(TypePack{editedArgList});

                Unifier editedState = mkUnifier(expr.location);

                checkArgumentList(scope, editedState, editedArgPack, ftv->argTypes, editedArgLocations);

                if (editedState.errors.empty())
                {
                    editedState.log.commit();

                    reportError(TypeError{expr.location, FunctionRequiresSelf{}});
                    // This is a little bit suspect: If this overload would work with a : replaced by a .
                    // we eagerly assume that that's what you actually meant and we commit to it.
                    // This could be incorrect if the function has an additional overload that
                    // actually works.
                    // checkArgumentList(scope, editedState, retPack, ftv->retTypes, retLocations, CountMismatch::Return);
                    return true;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    return false;
}

void TypeChecker::reportOverloadResolutionError(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstExprCall& expr, TypePackId retPack, TypePackId argPack,
    const std::vector<Location>& argLocations, const std::vector<TypeId>& overloads, const std::vector<TypeId>& overloadsThatMatchArgCount,
    const std::vector<OverloadErrorEntry>& errors)
{
    if (overloads.size() == 1)
    {
        reportErrors(std::get<0>(errors.front()));
        return;
    }

    std::vector<TypeId> overloadTypes = overloadsThatMatchArgCount;
    if (overloadsThatMatchArgCount.size() == 0)
    {
        reportError(TypeError{expr.location, GenericError{"No overload for function accepts " + std::to_string(size(argPack)) + " arguments."}});
        // If no overloads match argument count, just list all overloads.
        overloadTypes = overloads;
    }
    else
    {
        // Report errors of the first argument-count-matching, but failing overload
        TypeId overload = overloadsThatMatchArgCount[0];

        // Remove the overload we are reporting errors about, from the list of alternative
        overloadTypes.erase(std::remove(overloadTypes.begin(), overloadTypes.end(), overload), overloadTypes.end());

        const FunctionTypeVar* ftv = get<FunctionTypeVar>(overload);

        auto error = std::find_if(errors.begin(), errors.end(), [ftv](const OverloadErrorEntry& e) {
            return ftv == std::get<2>(e);
        });

        LUAU_ASSERT(error != errors.end());
        reportErrors(std::get<0>(*error));

        // If only one overload matched, we don't need this error because we provided the previous errors.
        if (overloadsThatMatchArgCount.size() == 1)
            return;
    }

    std::string s;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < overloadTypes.size(); ++i)
    {
        TypeId overload = overloadTypes[i];
        Unifier state = mkUnifier(expr.location);

        // Unify return types
        if (const FunctionTypeVar* ftv = get<FunctionTypeVar>(overload))
        {
            checkArgumentList(scope, state, retPack, ftv->retTypes, {});
            checkArgumentList(scope, state, argPack, ftv->argTypes, argLocations);
        }

        if (state.errors.empty())
            state.log.commit();

        if (i > 0)
            s += "; ";

        if (i > 0 && i == overloadTypes.size() - 1)
            s += "and ";

        s += toString(overload);
    }

    if (overloadsThatMatchArgCount.size() == 0)
        reportError(expr.func->location, ExtraInformation{"Available overloads: " + s});
    else
        reportError(expr.func->location, ExtraInformation{"Other overloads are also not viable: " + s});

    // No viable overload
    return;
}

WithPredicate<TypePackId> TypeChecker::checkExprList(const ScopePtr& scope, const Location& location, const AstArray<AstExpr*>& exprs,
    bool substituteFreeForNil, const std::vector<bool>& instantiateGenerics, const std::vector<std::optional<TypeId>>& expectedTypes)
{
    TypePackId pack = addTypePack(TypePack{});
    PredicateVec predicates; // At the moment we will be pushing all predicate sets into this. Do we need some way to split them up?

    auto insert = [&predicates](PredicateVec& vec) {
        for (Predicate& c : vec)
            predicates.push_back(std::move(c));
    };

    if (exprs.size == 0)
        return {pack};

    TypePack* tp = getMutable<TypePack>(pack);

    size_t lastIndex = exprs.size - 1;
    tp->head.reserve(lastIndex);

    Unifier state = mkUnifier(location);

    std::vector<TxnLog> inverseLogs;

    for (size_t i = 0; i < exprs.size; ++i)
    {
        AstExpr* expr = exprs.data[i];
        std::optional<TypeId> expectedType = i < expectedTypes.size() ? expectedTypes[i] : std::nullopt;

        if (i == lastIndex && (expr->is<AstExprCall>() || expr->is<AstExprVarargs>()))
        {
            auto [typePack, exprPredicates] = checkExprPack(scope, *expr);
            insert(exprPredicates);

            if (std::optional<TypeId> firstTy = first(typePack))
            {
                if (!currentModule->astTypes.find(expr))
                    currentModule->astTypes[expr] = follow(*firstTy);
            }

            if (expectedType)
                currentModule->astExpectedTypes[expr] = *expectedType;

            tp->tail = typePack;
        }
        else
        {
            auto [type, exprPredicates] = checkExpr(scope, *expr, expectedType);
            insert(exprPredicates);

            TypeId actualType = substituteFreeForNil && expr->is<AstExprConstantNil>() ? freshType(scope) : type;

            if (instantiateGenerics.size() > i && instantiateGenerics[i])
                actualType = instantiate(scope, actualType, expr->location);

            if (expectedType)
            {
                state.tryUnify(actualType, *expectedType);

                // Ugly: In future iterations of the loop, we might need the state of the unification we
                // just performed. There's not a great way to pass that into checkExpr. Instead, we store
                // the inverse of the current log, and commit it. When we're done, we'll commit all the
                // inverses. This isn't optimal, and a better solution is welcome here.
                inverseLogs.push_back(state.log.inverse());
                state.log.commit();
            }

            tp->head.push_back(actualType);
        }
    }

    for (TxnLog& log : inverseLogs)
        log.commit();

    return {pack, predicates};
}

std::optional<AstExpr*> TypeChecker::matchRequire(const AstExprCall& call)
{
    const char* require = "require";

    if (call.args.size != 1)
        return std::nullopt;

    const AstExprGlobal* funcAsGlobal = call.func->as<AstExprGlobal>();
    if (!funcAsGlobal || funcAsGlobal->name != require)
        return std::nullopt;

    if (call.args.size != 1)
        return std::nullopt;

    return call.args.data[0];
}

TypeId TypeChecker::checkRequire(const ScopePtr& scope, const ModuleInfo& moduleInfo, const Location& location)
{
    LUAU_TIMETRACE_SCOPE("TypeChecker::checkRequire", "TypeChecker");
    LUAU_TIMETRACE_ARGUMENT("moduleInfo", moduleInfo.name.c_str());

    if (moduleInfo.name.empty())
    {
        if (currentModule->mode == Mode::Strict)
        {
            reportError(TypeError{location, UnknownRequire{}});
            return errorRecoveryType(anyType);
        }

        return anyType;
    }

    // Types of requires that transitively refer to current module have to be replaced with 'any'
    std::string humanReadableName = resolver->getHumanReadableModuleName(moduleInfo.name);

    for (const auto& [location, path] : requireCycles)
    {
        if (!path.empty() && path.front() == humanReadableName)
            return anyType;
    }

    ModulePtr module = resolver->getModule(moduleInfo.name);
    if (!module)
    {
        // There are two reasons why we might fail to find the module:
        // either the file does not exist or there's a cycle. If there's a cycle
        // we will already have reported the error.
        if (!resolver->moduleExists(moduleInfo.name) && !moduleInfo.optional)
            reportError(TypeError{location, UnknownRequire{humanReadableName}});

        return errorRecoveryType(scope);
    }

    if (module->type != SourceCode::Module)
    {
        reportError(location, IllegalRequire{humanReadableName, "Module is not a ModuleScript.  It cannot be required."});
        return errorRecoveryType(scope);
    }

    TypePackId modulePack = module->getModuleScope()->returnType;

    if (get<Unifiable::Error>(modulePack))
        return errorRecoveryType(scope);

    std::optional<TypeId> moduleType = first(modulePack);
    if (!moduleType)
    {
        reportError(location, IllegalRequire{humanReadableName, "Module does not return exactly 1 value.  It cannot be required."});
        return errorRecoveryType(scope);
    }

    return *moduleType;
}

void TypeChecker::tablify(TypeId type)
{
    type = follow(type);

    if (auto f = get<FreeTypeVar>(type))
        *asMutable(type) = TableTypeVar{TableState::Free, f->level};
}

TypeId TypeChecker::anyIfNonstrict(TypeId ty) const
{
    if (isNonstrictMode())
        return anyType;
    else
        return ty;
}

bool TypeChecker::unify(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, const Location& location)
{
    UnifierOptions options;
    return unify(subTy, superTy, location, options);
}

bool TypeChecker::unify(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, const Location& location, const UnifierOptions& options)
{
    Unifier state = mkUnifier(location);
    state.tryUnify(subTy, superTy, options.isFunctionCall);

    state.log.commit();

    reportErrors(state.errors);

    return state.errors.empty();
}

bool TypeChecker::unify(TypePackId subTy, TypePackId superTy, const Location& location, CountMismatch::Context ctx)
{
    Unifier state = mkUnifier(location);
    state.ctx = ctx;
    state.tryUnify(subTy, superTy);

    state.log.commit();

    reportErrors(state.errors);

    return state.errors.empty();
}

bool TypeChecker::unifyWithInstantiationIfNeeded(const ScopePtr& scope, TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, const Location& location)
{
    Unifier state = mkUnifier(location);
    unifyWithInstantiationIfNeeded(scope, subTy, superTy, state);

    state.log.commit();

    reportErrors(state.errors);

    return state.errors.empty();
}

void TypeChecker::unifyWithInstantiationIfNeeded(const ScopePtr& scope, TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, Unifier& state)
{
    if (!maybeGeneric(subTy))
        // Quick check to see if we definitely can't instantiate
        state.tryUnify(subTy, superTy, /*isFunctionCall*/ false);
    else if (!maybeGeneric(superTy) && isGeneric(subTy))
    {
        // Quick check to see if we definitely have to instantiate
        TypeId instantiated = instantiate(scope, subTy, state.location);
        state.tryUnify(instantiated, superTy, /*isFunctionCall*/ false);
    }
    else
    {
        // First try unifying with the original uninstantiated type
        // but if that fails, try the instantiated one.
        Unifier child = state.makeChildUnifier();
        child.tryUnify(subTy, superTy, /*isFunctionCall*/ false);
        if (!child.errors.empty())
        {
            TypeId instantiated = instantiate(scope, subTy, state.location, &child.log);
            if (subTy == instantiated)
            {
                // Instantiating the argument made no difference, so just report any child errors
                state.log.concat(std::move(child.log));

                state.errors.insert(state.errors.end(), child.errors.begin(), child.errors.end());
            }
            else
            {
                state.tryUnify(instantiated, superTy, /*isFunctionCall*/ false);
            }
        }
        else
        {
            state.log.concat(std::move(child.log));
        }
    }
}

bool Anyification::isDirty(TypeId ty)
{
    if (ty->persistent)
        return false;

    if (const TableTypeVar* ttv = log->getMutable<TableTypeVar>(ty))
        return (ttv->state == TableState::Free || ttv->state == TableState::Unsealed);
    else if (log->getMutable<FreeTypeVar>(ty))
        return true;
    else if (get<ConstrainedTypeVar>(ty))
        return true;
    else
        return false;
}

bool Anyification::isDirty(TypePackId tp)
{
    if (tp->persistent)
        return false;

    if (log->getMutable<FreeTypePack>(tp))
        return true;
    else
        return false;
}

TypeId Anyification::clean(TypeId ty)
{
    LUAU_ASSERT(isDirty(ty));
    if (const TableTypeVar* ttv = log->getMutable<TableTypeVar>(ty))
    {
        TableTypeVar clone = TableTypeVar{ttv->props, ttv->indexer, ttv->level, TableState::Sealed};
        clone.definitionModuleName = ttv->definitionModuleName;
        clone.name = ttv->name;
        clone.syntheticName = ttv->syntheticName;
        clone.tags = ttv->tags;
        TypeId res = addType(std::move(clone));
        asMutable(res)->normal = ty->normal;
        return res;
    }
    else if (auto ctv = get<ConstrainedTypeVar>(ty))
    {
        if (FFlag::LuauQuantifyConstrained)
        {
            std::vector<TypeId> copy = ctv->parts;
            for (TypeId& ty : copy)
                ty = replace(ty);
            TypeId res = copy.size() == 1 ? copy[0] : addType(UnionTypeVar{std::move(copy)});
            auto [t, ok] = normalize(res, *arena, *iceHandler);
            if (!ok)
                normalizationTooComplex = true;
            return t;
        }
        else
        {
            auto [t, ok] = normalize(ty, *arena, *iceHandler);
            if (!ok)
                normalizationTooComplex = true;
            return t;
        }
    }
    else
        return anyType;
}

TypePackId Anyification::clean(TypePackId tp)
{
    LUAU_ASSERT(isDirty(tp));
    return anyTypePack;
}

TypeId TypeChecker::quantify(const ScopePtr& scope, TypeId ty, Location location)
{
    ty = follow(ty);

    const FunctionTypeVar* ftv = get<FunctionTypeVar>(ty);

    if (FFlag::LuauAlwaysQuantify)
    {
        if (ftv)
            Luau::quantify(ty, scope->level);
    }
    else
    {
        if (ftv && ftv->generics.empty() && ftv->genericPacks.empty())
            Luau::quantify(ty, scope->level);
    }

    if (FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation && ftv)
    {
        auto [t, ok] = Luau::normalize(ty, currentModule, *iceHandler);
        if (!ok)
            reportError(location, NormalizationTooComplex{});
        return t;
    }

    return ty;
}

TypeId TypeChecker::instantiate(const ScopePtr& scope, TypeId ty, Location location, const TxnLog* log)
{
    ty = follow(ty);

    const FunctionTypeVar* ftv = get<FunctionTypeVar>(ty);
    if (ftv && ftv->hasNoGenerics)
        return ty;

    Instantiation instantiation{log, &currentModule->internalTypes, scope->level};

    if (FFlag::LuauAutocompleteDynamicLimits && instantiationChildLimit)
        instantiation.childLimit = *instantiationChildLimit;

    std::optional<TypeId> instantiated = instantiation.substitute(ty);
    if (instantiated.has_value())
        return *instantiated;
    else
    {
        reportError(location, UnificationTooComplex{});
        return errorRecoveryType(scope);
    }
}

TypeId TypeChecker::anyify(const ScopePtr& scope, TypeId ty, Location location)
{
    if (FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation)
    {
        auto [t, ok] = normalize(ty, currentModule, *iceHandler);
        if (!ok)
            reportError(location, NormalizationTooComplex{});
        ty = t;
    }

    Anyification anyification{&currentModule->internalTypes, iceHandler, anyType, anyTypePack};
    std::optional<TypeId> any = anyification.substitute(ty);
    if (anyification.normalizationTooComplex)
        reportError(location, NormalizationTooComplex{});
    if (any.has_value())
        return *any;
    else
    {
        reportError(location, UnificationTooComplex{});
        return errorRecoveryType(anyType);
    }
}

TypePackId TypeChecker::anyify(const ScopePtr& scope, TypePackId ty, Location location)
{
    if (FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation)
    {
        auto [t, ok] = normalize(ty, currentModule, *iceHandler);
        if (!ok)
            reportError(location, NormalizationTooComplex{});
        ty = t;
    }

    Anyification anyification{&currentModule->internalTypes, iceHandler, anyType, anyTypePack};
    std::optional<TypePackId> any = anyification.substitute(ty);
    if (any.has_value())
        return *any;
    else
    {
        reportError(location, UnificationTooComplex{});
        return errorRecoveryTypePack(anyTypePack);
    }
}

void TypeChecker::reportError(const TypeError& error)
{
    if (currentModule->mode == Mode::NoCheck)
        return;
    currentModule->errors.push_back(error);
    currentModule->errors.back().moduleName = currentModuleName;
}

void TypeChecker::reportError(const Location& location, TypeErrorData errorData)
{
    return reportError(TypeError{location, std::move(errorData)});
}

void TypeChecker::reportErrors(const ErrorVec& errors)
{
    for (const auto& err : errors)
        reportError(err);
}

void TypeChecker::ice(const std::string& message, const Location& location)
{
    iceHandler->ice(message, location);
}

void TypeChecker::ice(const std::string& message)
{
    iceHandler->ice(message);
}

void TypeChecker::prepareErrorsForDisplay(ErrorVec& errVec)
{
    // Remove errors with names that were generated by recovery from a parse error
    errVec.erase(std::remove_if(errVec.begin(), errVec.end(),
                     [](auto& err) {
                         return containsParseErrorName(err);
                     }),
        errVec.end());

    for (auto& err : errVec)
    {
        if (auto utk = get<UnknownProperty>(err))
            diagnoseMissingTableKey(utk, err.data);
    }
}

void TypeChecker::diagnoseMissingTableKey(UnknownProperty* utk, TypeErrorData& data)
{
    std::string_view sv(utk->key);
    std::set<Name> candidates;

    auto accumulate = [&](const TableTypeVar::Props& props) {
        for (const auto& [name, ty] : props)
        {
            if (sv != name && equalsLower(sv, name))
                candidates.insert(name);
        }
    };

    if (auto ttv = getTableType(utk->table))
        accumulate(ttv->props);
    else if (auto ctv = get<ClassTypeVar>(follow(utk->table)))
    {
        while (ctv)
        {
            accumulate(ctv->props);

            if (!ctv->parent)
                break;

            ctv = get<ClassTypeVar>(*ctv->parent);
            LUAU_ASSERT(ctv);
        }
    }

    if (!candidates.empty())
        data = TypeErrorData(UnknownPropButFoundLikeProp{utk->table, utk->key, candidates});
}

LUAU_NOINLINE void TypeChecker::reportErrorCodeTooComplex(const Location& location)
{
    reportError(TypeError{location, CodeTooComplex{}});
}

// Creates a new Scope but without carrying forward the varargs from the parent.
ScopePtr TypeChecker::childFunctionScope(const ScopePtr& parent, const Location& location, int subLevel)
{
    ScopePtr scope = std::make_shared<Scope>(parent, subLevel);
    currentModule->scopes.push_back(std::make_pair(location, scope));
    return scope;
}

// Creates a new Scope and carries forward the varargs from the parent.
ScopePtr TypeChecker::childScope(const ScopePtr& parent, const Location& location)
{
    ScopePtr scope = std::make_shared<Scope>(parent);
    scope->level = parent->level;
    scope->varargPack = parent->varargPack;

    currentModule->scopes.push_back(std::make_pair(location, scope));
    return scope;
}

void TypeChecker::merge(RefinementMap& l, const RefinementMap& r)
{
    Luau::merge(l, r, [this](TypeId a, TypeId b) {
        // TODO: normalize(UnionTypeVar{{a, b}})
        std::unordered_set<TypeId> set;

        if (auto utv = get<UnionTypeVar>(follow(a)))
            set.insert(begin(utv), end(utv));
        else
            set.insert(a);

        if (auto utv = get<UnionTypeVar>(follow(b)))
            set.insert(begin(utv), end(utv));
        else
            set.insert(b);

        std::vector<TypeId> options(set.begin(), set.end());
        if (set.size() == 1)
            return options[0];
        return addType(UnionTypeVar{std::move(options)});
    });
}

Unifier TypeChecker::mkUnifier(const Location& location)
{
    return Unifier{&currentModule->internalTypes, currentModule->mode, location, Variance::Covariant, unifierState};
}

TypeId TypeChecker::freshType(const ScopePtr& scope)
{
    return freshType(scope->level);
}

TypeId TypeChecker::freshType(TypeLevel level)
{
    return currentModule->internalTypes.addType(TypeVar(FreeTypeVar(level)));
}

TypeId TypeChecker::singletonType(bool value)
{
    return value ? getSingletonTypes().trueType : getSingletonTypes().falseType;
}

TypeId TypeChecker::singletonType(std::string value)
{
    // TODO: cache singleton types
    return currentModule->internalTypes.addType(TypeVar(SingletonTypeVar(StringSingleton{std::move(value)})));
}

TypeId TypeChecker::errorRecoveryType(const ScopePtr& scope)
{
    return getSingletonTypes().errorRecoveryType();
}

TypeId TypeChecker::errorRecoveryType(TypeId guess)
{
    return getSingletonTypes().errorRecoveryType(guess);
}

TypePackId TypeChecker::errorRecoveryTypePack(const ScopePtr& scope)
{
    return getSingletonTypes().errorRecoveryTypePack();
}

TypePackId TypeChecker::errorRecoveryTypePack(TypePackId guess)
{
    return getSingletonTypes().errorRecoveryTypePack(guess);
}

TypeIdPredicate TypeChecker::mkTruthyPredicate(bool sense)
{
    return [this, sense](TypeId ty) -> std::optional<TypeId> {
        // any/error/free gets a special pass unconditionally because they can't be decided.
        if (get<AnyTypeVar>(ty) || get<ErrorTypeVar>(ty) || get<FreeTypeVar>(ty))
            return ty;

        // maps boolean primitive to the corresponding singleton equal to sense
        if (isPrim(ty, PrimitiveTypeVar::Boolean))
            return singletonType(sense);

        // if we have boolean singleton, eliminate it if the sense doesn't match with that singleton
        if (auto boolean = get<BooleanSingleton>(get<SingletonTypeVar>(ty)))
            return boolean->value == sense ? std::optional<TypeId>(ty) : std::nullopt;

        // if we have nil, eliminate it if sense is true, otherwise take it
        if (isNil(ty))
            return sense ? std::nullopt : std::optional<TypeId>(ty);

        // at this point, anything else is kept if sense is true, or replaced by nil
        if (FFlag::LuauFalsyPredicateReturnsNilInstead)
            return sense ? ty : nilType;
        else
            return sense ? std::optional<TypeId>(ty) : std::nullopt;
    };
}

std::optional<TypeId> TypeChecker::filterMap(TypeId type, TypeIdPredicate predicate)
{
    std::vector<TypeId> types = Luau::filterMap(type, predicate);
    if (!types.empty())
        return types.size() == 1 ? types[0] : addType(UnionTypeVar{std::move(types)});
    return std::nullopt;
}

std::optional<TypeId> TypeChecker::pickTypesFromSense(TypeId type, bool sense)
{
    return filterMap(type, mkTruthyPredicate(sense));
}

TypeId TypeChecker::addTV(TypeVar&& tv)
{
    return currentModule->internalTypes.addType(std::move(tv));
}

TypePackId TypeChecker::addTypePack(TypePackVar&& tv)
{
    return currentModule->internalTypes.addTypePack(std::move(tv));
}

TypePackId TypeChecker::addTypePack(TypePack&& tp)
{
    return addTypePack(TypePackVar(std::move(tp)));
}

TypePackId TypeChecker::addTypePack(const std::vector<TypeId>& ty)
{
    return addTypePack(ty, std::nullopt);
}

TypePackId TypeChecker::addTypePack(const std::vector<TypeId>& ty, std::optional<TypePackId> tail)
{
    return addTypePack(TypePackVar(TypePack{ty, tail}));
}

TypePackId TypeChecker::addTypePack(std::initializer_list<TypeId>&& ty)
{
    return addTypePack(TypePackVar(TypePack{std::vector<TypeId>(begin(ty), end(ty)), std::nullopt}));
}

TypePackId TypeChecker::freshTypePack(const ScopePtr& scope)
{
    return freshTypePack(scope->level);
}

TypePackId TypeChecker::freshTypePack(TypeLevel level)
{
    return addTypePack(TypePackVar(FreeTypePack(level)));
}

TypeId TypeChecker::resolveType(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstType& annotation)
{
    if (const auto& lit = annotation.as<AstTypeReference>())
    {
        std::optional<TypeFun> tf;
        if (lit->prefix)
            tf = scope->lookupImportedType(lit->prefix->value, lit->name.value);

        else if (FFlag::DebugLuauMagicTypes && lit->name == "_luau_ice")
            ice("_luau_ice encountered", lit->location);

        else if (FFlag::DebugLuauMagicTypes && lit->name == "_luau_print")
        {
            if (lit->parameters.size != 1 || !lit->parameters.data[0].type)
            {
                reportError(TypeError{annotation.location, GenericError{"_luau_print requires one generic parameter"}});
                return errorRecoveryType(anyType);
            }

            ToStringOptions opts;
            opts.exhaustive = true;
            opts.maxTableLength = 0;
            opts.useLineBreaks = true;

            TypeId param = resolveType(scope, *lit->parameters.data[0].type);
            luauPrintLine(format("_luau_print\t%s\t|\t%s", toString(param, opts).c_str(), toString(lit->location).c_str()));
            return param;
        }

        else
            tf = scope->lookupType(lit->name.value);

        if (!tf)
        {
            if (lit->name == kParseNameError)
                return errorRecoveryType(scope);

            std::string typeName;
            if (lit->prefix)
                typeName = std::string(lit->prefix->value) + ".";
            typeName += lit->name.value;

            if (scope->lookupPack(typeName))
                reportError(TypeError{annotation.location, SwappedGenericTypeParameter{typeName, SwappedGenericTypeParameter::Type}});
            else
                reportError(TypeError{annotation.location, UnknownSymbol{typeName, UnknownSymbol::Type}});

            return errorRecoveryType(scope);
        }

        if (lit->parameters.size == 0 && tf->typeParams.empty() && tf->typePackParams.empty())
            return tf->type;

        bool parameterCountErrorReported = false;
        bool hasDefaultTypes = std::any_of(tf->typeParams.begin(), tf->typeParams.end(), [](auto&& el) {
            return el.defaultValue.has_value();
        });
        bool hasDefaultPacks = std::any_of(tf->typePackParams.begin(), tf->typePackParams.end(), [](auto&& el) {
            return el.defaultValue.has_value();
        });

        if (!lit->hasParameterList)
        {
            if ((!tf->typeParams.empty() && !hasDefaultTypes) || (!tf->typePackParams.empty() && !hasDefaultPacks))
            {
                reportError(TypeError{annotation.location, GenericError{"Type parameter list is required"}});
                parameterCountErrorReported = true;
            }
        }

        std::vector<TypeId> typeParams;
        std::vector<TypeId> extraTypes;
        std::vector<TypePackId> typePackParams;

        for (size_t i = 0; i < lit->parameters.size; ++i)
        {
            if (AstType* type = lit->parameters.data[i].type)
            {
                TypeId ty = resolveType(scope, *type);

                if (typeParams.size() < tf->typeParams.size() || tf->typePackParams.empty())
                    typeParams.push_back(ty);
                else if (typePackParams.empty())
                    extraTypes.push_back(ty);
                else
                    reportError(TypeError{annotation.location, GenericError{"Type parameters must come before type pack parameters"}});
            }
            else if (AstTypePack* typePack = lit->parameters.data[i].typePack)
            {
                TypePackId tp = resolveTypePack(scope, *typePack);

                // If we have collected an implicit type pack, materialize it
                if (typePackParams.empty() && !extraTypes.empty())
                    typePackParams.push_back(addTypePack(extraTypes));

                // If we need more regular types, we can use single element type packs to fill those in
                if (typeParams.size() < tf->typeParams.size() && size(tp) == 1 && finite(tp) && first(tp))
                    typeParams.push_back(*first(tp));
                else
                    typePackParams.push_back(tp);
            }
        }

        // If we still haven't meterialized an implicit type pack, do it now
        if (typePackParams.empty() && !extraTypes.empty())
            typePackParams.push_back(addTypePack(extraTypes));

        size_t typesProvided = typeParams.size();
        size_t typesRequired = tf->typeParams.size();

        size_t packsProvided = typePackParams.size();
        size_t packsRequired = tf->typePackParams.size();

        bool notEnoughParameters =
            (typesProvided < typesRequired && packsProvided == 0) || (typesProvided == typesRequired && packsProvided < packsRequired);
        bool hasDefaultParameters = hasDefaultTypes || hasDefaultPacks;

        // Add default type and type pack parameters if that's required and it's possible
        if (notEnoughParameters && hasDefaultParameters)
        {
            // 'applyTypeFunction' is used to substitute default types that reference previous generic types
            ApplyTypeFunction applyTypeFunction{&currentModule->internalTypes, scope->level};

            for (size_t i = 0; i < typesProvided; ++i)
                applyTypeFunction.typeArguments[tf->typeParams[i].ty] = typeParams[i];

            if (typesProvided < typesRequired)
            {
                for (size_t i = typesProvided; i < typesRequired; ++i)
                {
                    TypeId defaultTy = tf->typeParams[i].defaultValue.value_or(nullptr);

                    if (!defaultTy)
                        break;

                    std::optional<TypeId> maybeInstantiated = applyTypeFunction.substitute(defaultTy);

                    if (!maybeInstantiated.has_value())
                    {
                        reportError(annotation.location, UnificationTooComplex{});
                        maybeInstantiated = errorRecoveryType(scope);
                    }

                    applyTypeFunction.typeArguments[tf->typeParams[i].ty] = *maybeInstantiated;
                    typeParams.push_back(*maybeInstantiated);
                }
            }

            for (size_t i = 0; i < packsProvided; ++i)
                applyTypeFunction.typePackArguments[tf->typePackParams[i].tp] = typePackParams[i];

            if (packsProvided < packsRequired)
            {
                for (size_t i = packsProvided; i < packsRequired; ++i)
                {
                    TypePackId defaultTp = tf->typePackParams[i].defaultValue.value_or(nullptr);

                    if (!defaultTp)
                        break;

                    std::optional<TypePackId> maybeInstantiated = applyTypeFunction.substitute(defaultTp);

                    if (!maybeInstantiated.has_value())
                    {
                        reportError(annotation.location, UnificationTooComplex{});
                        maybeInstantiated = errorRecoveryTypePack(scope);
                    }

                    applyTypeFunction.typePackArguments[tf->typePackParams[i].tp] = *maybeInstantiated;
                    typePackParams.push_back(*maybeInstantiated);
                }
            }
        }

        // If we didn't combine regular types into a type pack and we're still one type pack short, provide an empty type pack
        if (extraTypes.empty() && typePackParams.size() + 1 == tf->typePackParams.size())
            typePackParams.push_back(addTypePack({}));

        if (typeParams.size() != tf->typeParams.size() || typePackParams.size() != tf->typePackParams.size())
        {
            if (!parameterCountErrorReported)
                reportError(
                    TypeError{annotation.location, IncorrectGenericParameterCount{lit->name.value, *tf, typeParams.size(), typePackParams.size()}});

            // Pad the types out with error recovery types
            while (typeParams.size() < tf->typeParams.size())
                typeParams.push_back(errorRecoveryType(scope));
            while (typePackParams.size() < tf->typePackParams.size())
                typePackParams.push_back(errorRecoveryTypePack(scope));
        }

        bool sameTys = std::equal(typeParams.begin(), typeParams.end(), tf->typeParams.begin(), tf->typeParams.end(), [](auto&& itp, auto&& tp) {
            return itp == tp.ty;
        });
        bool sameTps = std::equal(
            typePackParams.begin(), typePackParams.end(), tf->typePackParams.begin(), tf->typePackParams.end(), [](auto&& itpp, auto&& tpp) {
                return itpp == tpp.tp;
            });

        // If the generic parameters and the type arguments are the same, we are about to
        // perform an identity substitution, which we can just short-circuit.
        if (sameTys && sameTps)
            return tf->type;

        return instantiateTypeFun(scope, *tf, typeParams, typePackParams, annotation.location);
    }
    else if (const auto& table = annotation.as<AstTypeTable>())
    {
        TableTypeVar::Props props;
        std::optional<TableIndexer> tableIndexer;

        for (const auto& prop : table->props)
            props[prop.name.value] = {resolveType(scope, *prop.type)};

        if (const auto& indexer = table->indexer)
            tableIndexer = TableIndexer(resolveType(scope, *indexer->indexType), resolveType(scope, *indexer->resultType));

        TableTypeVar ttv{props, tableIndexer, scope->level, TableState::Sealed};
        ttv.definitionModuleName = currentModuleName;
        return addType(std::move(ttv));
    }
    else if (const auto& func = annotation.as<AstTypeFunction>())
    {
        ScopePtr funcScope = childScope(scope, func->location);
        funcScope->level = scope->level.incr();

        auto [generics, genericPacks] = createGenericTypes(funcScope, std::nullopt, annotation, func->generics, func->genericPacks);

        TypePackId argTypes = resolveTypePack(funcScope, func->argTypes);
        TypePackId retTypes = resolveTypePack(funcScope, func->returnTypes);

        std::vector<TypeId> genericTys;
        genericTys.reserve(generics.size());
        std::transform(generics.begin(), generics.end(), std::back_inserter(genericTys), [](auto&& el) {
            return el.ty;
        });

        std::vector<TypePackId> genericTps;
        genericTps.reserve(genericPacks.size());
        std::transform(genericPacks.begin(), genericPacks.end(), std::back_inserter(genericTps), [](auto&& el) {
            return el.tp;
        });

        TypeId fnType = addType(FunctionTypeVar{funcScope->level, std::move(genericTys), std::move(genericTps), argTypes, retTypes});

        FunctionTypeVar* ftv = getMutable<FunctionTypeVar>(fnType);

        ftv->argNames.reserve(func->argNames.size);
        for (const auto& el : func->argNames)
        {
            if (el)
                ftv->argNames.push_back(FunctionArgument{el->first.value, el->second});
            else
                ftv->argNames.push_back(std::nullopt);
        }

        return fnType;
    }
    else if (auto typeOf = annotation.as<AstTypeTypeof>())
    {
        TypeId ty = checkExpr(scope, *typeOf->expr).type;
        return ty;
    }
    else if (const auto& un = annotation.as<AstTypeUnion>())
    {
        std::vector<TypeId> types;
        for (AstType* ann : un->types)
            types.push_back(resolveType(scope, *ann));

        return addType(UnionTypeVar{types});
    }
    else if (const auto& un = annotation.as<AstTypeIntersection>())
    {
        std::vector<TypeId> types;
        for (AstType* ann : un->types)
            types.push_back(resolveType(scope, *ann));

        return addType(IntersectionTypeVar{types});
    }
    else if (const auto& tsb = annotation.as<AstTypeSingletonBool>())
    {
        return singletonType(tsb->value);
    }
    else if (const auto& tss = annotation.as<AstTypeSingletonString>())
    {
        return singletonType(std::string(tss->value.data, tss->value.size));
    }
    else if (annotation.is<AstTypeError>())
        return errorRecoveryType(scope);
    else
    {
        reportError(TypeError{annotation.location, GenericError{"Unknown type annotation?"}});
        return errorRecoveryType(scope);
    }
}

TypePackId TypeChecker::resolveTypePack(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstTypeList& types)
{
    if (types.types.size == 0 && types.tailType)
    {
        return resolveTypePack(scope, *types.tailType);
    }
    else if (types.types.size > 0)
    {
        std::vector<TypeId> head;
        for (AstType* ann : types.types)
            head.push_back(resolveType(scope, *ann));

        std::optional<TypePackId> tail = types.tailType ? std::optional<TypePackId>(resolveTypePack(scope, *types.tailType)) : std::nullopt;
        return addTypePack(TypePack{head, tail});
    }

    return addTypePack(TypePack{});
}

TypePackId TypeChecker::resolveTypePack(const ScopePtr& scope, const AstTypePack& annotation)
{
    if (const AstTypePackVariadic* variadic = annotation.as<AstTypePackVariadic>())
    {
        return addTypePack(TypePackVar{VariadicTypePack{resolveType(scope, *variadic->variadicType)}});
    }
    else if (const AstTypePackGeneric* generic = annotation.as<AstTypePackGeneric>())
    {
        Name genericName = Name(generic->genericName.value);
        std::optional<TypePackId> genericTy = scope->lookupPack(genericName);

        if (!genericTy)
        {
            if (scope->lookupType(genericName))
                reportError(TypeError{generic->location, SwappedGenericTypeParameter{genericName, SwappedGenericTypeParameter::Pack}});
            else
                reportError(TypeError{generic->location, UnknownSymbol{genericName, UnknownSymbol::Type}});

            return errorRecoveryTypePack(scope);
        }

        return *genericTy;
    }
    else if (const AstTypePackExplicit* explicitTp = annotation.as<AstTypePackExplicit>())
    {
        std::vector<TypeId> types;

        for (auto type : explicitTp->typeList.types)
            types.push_back(resolveType(scope, *type));

        if (auto tailType = explicitTp->typeList.tailType)
            return addTypePack(types, resolveTypePack(scope, *tailType));

        return addTypePack(types);
    }
    else
    {
        ice("Unknown AstTypePack kind");
    }
}

bool ApplyTypeFunction::isDirty(TypeId ty)
{
    if (FFlag::LuauApplyTypeFunctionFix && typeArguments.count(ty))
        return true;
    else if (!FFlag::LuauApplyTypeFunctionFix && get<GenericTypeVar>(ty))
        return true;
    else if (const FreeTypeVar* ftv = get<FreeTypeVar>(ty))
    {
        if (ftv->forwardedTypeAlias)
            encounteredForwardedType = true;
        return false;
    }
    else
        return false;
}

bool ApplyTypeFunction::isDirty(TypePackId tp)
{
    if (FFlag::LuauApplyTypeFunctionFix && typePackArguments.count(tp))
        return true;
    else if (!FFlag::LuauApplyTypeFunctionFix && get<GenericTypePack>(tp))
        return true;
    else
        return false;
}

bool ApplyTypeFunction::ignoreChildren(TypeId ty)
{
    if (get<GenericTypeVar>(ty))
        return true;
    else
        return false;
}

bool ApplyTypeFunction::ignoreChildren(TypePackId tp)
{
    if (get<GenericTypePack>(tp))
        return true;
    else
        return false;
}

TypeId ApplyTypeFunction::clean(TypeId ty)
{
    TypeId& arg = typeArguments[ty];
    if (FFlag::LuauApplyTypeFunctionFix)
    {
        LUAU_ASSERT(arg);
        return arg;
    }
    else if (arg)
        return arg;
    else
        return addType(FreeTypeVar{level});
}

TypePackId ApplyTypeFunction::clean(TypePackId tp)
{
    TypePackId& arg = typePackArguments[tp];
    if (FFlag::LuauApplyTypeFunctionFix)
    {
        LUAU_ASSERT(arg);
        return arg;
    }
    else if (arg)
        return arg;
    else
        return addTypePack(FreeTypePack{level});
}

TypeId TypeChecker::instantiateTypeFun(const ScopePtr& scope, const TypeFun& tf, const std::vector<TypeId>& typeParams,
    const std::vector<TypePackId>& typePackParams, const Location& location)
{
    if (tf.typeParams.empty() && tf.typePackParams.empty())
        return tf.type;

    ApplyTypeFunction applyTypeFunction{&currentModule->internalTypes, scope->level};

    for (size_t i = 0; i < tf.typeParams.size(); ++i)
        applyTypeFunction.typeArguments[tf.typeParams[i].ty] = typeParams[i];

    for (size_t i = 0; i < tf.typePackParams.size(); ++i)
        applyTypeFunction.typePackArguments[tf.typePackParams[i].tp] = typePackParams[i];

    std::optional<TypeId> maybeInstantiated = applyTypeFunction.substitute(tf.type);
    if (!maybeInstantiated.has_value())
    {
        reportError(location, UnificationTooComplex{});
        return errorRecoveryType(scope);
    }
    if (applyTypeFunction.encounteredForwardedType)
    {
        reportError(TypeError{location, GenericError{"Recursive type being used with different parameters"}});
        return errorRecoveryType(scope);
    }

    TypeId instantiated = *maybeInstantiated;

    TypeId target = follow(instantiated);
    bool needsClone = follow(tf.type) == target;
    bool shouldMutate = (!FFlag::LuauOnlyMutateInstantiatedTables || getTableType(tf.type));
    TableTypeVar* ttv = getMutableTableType(target);

    if (shouldMutate && ttv && needsClone)
    {
        // Substitution::clone is a shallow clone. If this is a metatable type, we
        // want to mutate its table, so we need to explicitly clone that table as
        // well. If we don't, we will mutate another module's type surface and cause
        // a use-after-free.
        if (get<MetatableTypeVar>(target))
        {
            instantiated = applyTypeFunction.clone(tf.type);
            MetatableTypeVar* mtv = getMutable<MetatableTypeVar>(instantiated);
            mtv->table = applyTypeFunction.clone(mtv->table);
            ttv = getMutable<TableTypeVar>(mtv->table);
        }
        if (get<TableTypeVar>(target))
        {
            instantiated = applyTypeFunction.clone(tf.type);
            ttv = getMutable<TableTypeVar>(instantiated);
        }
    }

    if (shouldMutate && ttv)
    {
        ttv->instantiatedTypeParams = typeParams;
        ttv->instantiatedTypePackParams = typePackParams;
        ttv->definitionModuleName = currentModuleName;
    }

    return instantiated;
}

GenericTypeDefinitions TypeChecker::createGenericTypes(const ScopePtr& scope, std::optional<TypeLevel> levelOpt, const AstNode& node,
    const AstArray<AstGenericType>& genericNames, const AstArray<AstGenericTypePack>& genericPackNames, bool useCache)
{
    LUAU_ASSERT(scope->parent);

    const TypeLevel level = levelOpt.value_or(scope->level);

    std::vector<GenericTypeDefinition> generics;

    for (const AstGenericType& generic : genericNames)
    {
        std::optional<TypeId> defaultValue;

        if (generic.defaultValue)
            defaultValue = resolveType(scope, *generic.defaultValue);

        Name n = generic.name.value;

        // These generics are the only thing that will ever be added to scope, so we can be certain that
        // a collision can only occur when two generic typevars have the same name.
        if (scope->privateTypeBindings.count(n) || scope->privateTypePackBindings.count(n))
        {
            // TODO(jhuelsman): report the exact span of the generic type parameter whose name is a duplicate.
            reportError(TypeError{node.location, DuplicateGenericParameter{n}});
        }

        TypeId g;
        if (useCache)
        {
            TypeId& cached = scope->parent->typeAliasTypeParameters[n];
            if (!cached)
                cached = addType(GenericTypeVar{level, n});
            g = cached;
        }
        else
        {
            g = addType(Unifiable::Generic{level, n});
        }

        generics.push_back({g, defaultValue});
        scope->privateTypeBindings[n] = TypeFun{{}, g};
    }

    std::vector<GenericTypePackDefinition> genericPacks;

    for (const AstGenericTypePack& genericPack : genericPackNames)
    {
        std::optional<TypePackId> defaultValue;

        if (genericPack.defaultValue)
            defaultValue = resolveTypePack(scope, *genericPack.defaultValue);

        Name n = genericPack.name.value;

        // These generics are the only thing that will ever be added to scope, so we can be certain that
        // a collision can only occur when two generic typevars have the same name.
        if (scope->privateTypePackBindings.count(n) || scope->privateTypeBindings.count(n))
        {
            // TODO(jhuelsman): report the exact span of the generic type parameter whose name is a duplicate.
            reportError(TypeError{node.location, DuplicateGenericParameter{n}});
        }

        TypePackId& cached = scope->parent->typeAliasTypePackParameters[n];
        if (!cached)
            cached = addTypePack(TypePackVar{Unifiable::Generic{level, n}});

        genericPacks.push_back({cached, defaultValue});
        scope->privateTypePackBindings[n] = cached;
    }

    return {generics, genericPacks};
}

void TypeChecker::refineLValue(const LValue& lvalue, RefinementMap& refis, const ScopePtr& scope, TypeIdPredicate predicate)
{
    const LValue* target = &lvalue;
    std::optional<LValue> key; // If set, we know we took the base of the lvalue path and should be walking down each option of the base's type.

    auto ty = resolveLValue(scope, *target);
    if (!ty)
        return; // Do nothing. An error was already reported.

    // If the provided lvalue is a local or global, then that's without a doubt the target.
    // However, if there is a base lvalue, then we'll want that to be the target iff the base is a union type.
    if (auto base = baseof(lvalue))
    {
        std::optional<TypeId> baseTy = resolveLValue(scope, *base);
        if (baseTy && get<UnionTypeVar>(follow(*baseTy)))
        {
            ty = baseTy;
            target = base;
            key = lvalue;
        }
    }

    // If we do not have a key, it means we're not trying to discriminate anything, so it's a simple matter of just filtering for a subset.
    if (!key)
    {
        if (std::optional<TypeId> result = filterMap(*ty, predicate))
            addRefinement(refis, *target, *result);
        else
            addRefinement(refis, *target, errorRecoveryType(scope));

        return;
    }

    // Otherwise, we'll want to walk each option of ty, get its index type, and filter that.
    auto utv = get<UnionTypeVar>(follow(*ty));
    LUAU_ASSERT(utv);

    std::unordered_set<TypeId> viableTargetOptions;
    std::unordered_set<TypeId> viableChildOptions; // There may be additional refinements that apply. We add those here too.

    for (TypeId option : utv)
    {
        std::optional<TypeId> discriminantTy;
        if (auto field = Luau::get<Field>(*key)) // need to fully qualify Luau::get because of ADL.
            discriminantTy = getIndexTypeFromType(scope, option, field->key, Location(), false);
        else
            LUAU_ASSERT(!"Unhandled LValue alternative?");

        if (!discriminantTy)
            return; // Do nothing. An error was already reported, as per usual.

        if (std::optional<TypeId> result = filterMap(*discriminantTy, predicate))
        {
            viableTargetOptions.insert(option);
            viableChildOptions.insert(*result);
        }
    }

    auto intoType = [this](const std::unordered_set<TypeId>& s) -> std::optional<TypeId> {
        if (s.empty())
            return std::nullopt;

        // TODO: allocate UnionTypeVar and just normalize.
        std::vector<TypeId> options(s.begin(), s.end());
        if (options.size() == 1)
            return options[0];

        return addType(UnionTypeVar{std::move(options)});
    };

    if (std::optional<TypeId> viableTargetType = intoType(viableTargetOptions))
        addRefinement(refis, *target, *viableTargetType);

    if (std::optional<TypeId> viableChildType = intoType(viableChildOptions))
        addRefinement(refis, lvalue, *viableChildType);
}

std::optional<TypeId> TypeChecker::resolveLValue(const ScopePtr& scope, const LValue& lvalue)
{
    // We want to be walking the Scope parents.
    // We'll also want to walk up the LValue path. As we do this, we need to save each LValue because we must walk back.
    // For example:
    //  There exists an entry t.x.
    //  We are asked to look for t.x.y.
    //  We need to search in the provided Scope. Find t.x.y first.
    //  We fail to find t.x.y. Try t.x. We found it. Now we must return the type of the property y from the mapped-to type of t.x.
    //  If we completely fail to find the Symbol t but the Scope has that entry, then we should walk that all the way through and terminate.
    const Symbol symbol = getBaseSymbol(lvalue);

    ScopePtr currentScope = scope;
    while (currentScope)
    {
        std::optional<TypeId> found;

        const LValue* topLValue = nullptr;

        for (topLValue = &lvalue; topLValue; topLValue = baseof(*topLValue))
        {
            if (auto it = currentScope->refinements.find(*topLValue); it != currentScope->refinements.end())
            {
                found = it->second;
                break;
            }
        }

        if (!found)
        {
            // Should not be using scope->lookup. This is already recursive.
            if (auto it = currentScope->bindings.find(symbol); it != currentScope->bindings.end())
                found = it->second.typeId;
            else
            {
                // Nothing exists in this Scope. Just skip and try the parent one.
                currentScope = currentScope->parent;
                continue;
            }
        }

        // We need to walk the l-value path in reverse, so we collect components into a vector
        std::vector<const LValue*> childKeys;

        for (const LValue* curr = &lvalue; curr != topLValue; curr = baseof(*curr))
            childKeys.push_back(curr);

        for (auto it = childKeys.rbegin(); it != childKeys.rend(); ++it)
        {
            const LValue& key = **it;

            // Symbol can happen. Skip.
            if (get<Symbol>(key))
                continue;
            else if (auto field = get<Field>(key))
            {
                found = getIndexTypeFromType(scope, *found, field->key, Location(), false);
                if (!found)
                    return std::nullopt; // Turns out this type doesn't have the property at all. We're done.
            }
            else
                LUAU_ASSERT(!"New LValue alternative not handled here.");
        }

        return found;
    }

    // No entry for it at all. Can happen when LValue root is a global.
    return std::nullopt;
}

std::optional<TypeId> TypeChecker::resolveLValue(const RefinementMap& refis, const ScopePtr& scope, const LValue& lvalue)
{
    if (auto it = refis.find(lvalue); it != refis.end())
        return it->second;
    else
        return resolveLValue(scope, lvalue);
}

// Only should be used for refinements!
// This can probably go away once we have something that can limit a free type's type domain.
static bool isUndecidable(TypeId ty)
{
    ty = follow(ty);
    return get<AnyTypeVar>(ty) || get<ErrorTypeVar>(ty) || get<FreeTypeVar>(ty);
}

void TypeChecker::resolve(const PredicateVec& predicates, const ScopePtr& scope, bool sense)
{
    resolve(predicates, scope->refinements, scope, sense);
}

void TypeChecker::resolve(const PredicateVec& predicates, RefinementMap& refis, const ScopePtr& scope, bool sense, bool fromOr)
{
    for (const Predicate& c : predicates)
        resolve(c, refis, scope, sense, fromOr);
}

void TypeChecker::resolve(const Predicate& predicate, RefinementMap& refis, const ScopePtr& scope, bool sense, bool fromOr)
{
    if (auto truthyP = get<TruthyPredicate>(predicate))
        resolve(*truthyP, refis, scope, sense, fromOr);
    else if (auto andP = get<AndPredicate>(predicate))
        resolve(*andP, refis, scope, sense);
    else if (auto orP = get<OrPredicate>(predicate))
        resolve(*orP, refis, scope, sense);
    else if (auto notP = get<NotPredicate>(predicate))
        resolve(notP->predicates, refis, scope, !sense, fromOr);
    else if (auto isaP = get<IsAPredicate>(predicate))
        resolve(*isaP, refis, scope, sense);
    else if (auto typeguardP = get<TypeGuardPredicate>(predicate))
        resolve(*typeguardP, refis, scope, sense);
    else if (auto eqP = get<EqPredicate>(predicate))
        resolve(*eqP, refis, scope, sense);
    else
        ice("Unhandled predicate kind");
}

void TypeChecker::resolve(const TruthyPredicate& truthyP, RefinementMap& refis, const ScopePtr& scope, bool sense, bool fromOr)
{
    std::optional<TypeId> ty = resolveLValue(refis, scope, truthyP.lvalue);
    if (ty && fromOr)
        return addRefinement(refis, truthyP.lvalue, *ty);

    refineLValue(truthyP.lvalue, refis, scope, mkTruthyPredicate(sense));
}

void TypeChecker::resolve(const AndPredicate& andP, RefinementMap& refis, const ScopePtr& scope, bool sense)
{
    if (!sense)
    {
        OrPredicate orP{
            {NotPredicate{std::move(andP.lhs)}},
            {NotPredicate{std::move(andP.rhs)}},
        };

        return resolve(orP, refis, scope, !sense);
    }

    resolve(andP.lhs, refis, scope, sense);
    resolve(andP.rhs, refis, scope, sense);
}

void TypeChecker::resolve(const OrPredicate& orP, RefinementMap& refis, const ScopePtr& scope, bool sense)
{
    if (!sense)
    {
        AndPredicate andP{
            {NotPredicate{std::move(orP.lhs)}},
            {NotPredicate{std::move(orP.rhs)}},
        };

        return resolve(andP, refis, scope, !sense);
    }

    RefinementMap leftRefis;
    resolve(orP.lhs, leftRefis, scope, sense);

    RefinementMap rightRefis;
    resolve(orP.lhs, rightRefis, scope, !sense);
    resolve(orP.rhs, rightRefis, scope, sense, true); // :(

    merge(refis, leftRefis);
    merge(refis, rightRefis);
}

void TypeChecker::resolve(const IsAPredicate& isaP, RefinementMap& refis, const ScopePtr& scope, bool sense)
{
    auto predicate = [&](TypeId option) -> std::optional<TypeId> {
        // This by itself is not truly enough to determine that A is stronger than B or vice versa.
        bool optionIsSubtype = canUnify(option, isaP.ty, isaP.location).empty();
        bool targetIsSubtype = canUnify(isaP.ty, option, isaP.location).empty();

        // If A is a superset of B, then if sense is true, we promote A to B, otherwise we keep A.
        if (!optionIsSubtype && targetIsSubtype)
            return sense ? isaP.ty : option;

        // If A is a subset of B, then if sense is true we pick A, otherwise we eliminate A.
        if (optionIsSubtype && !targetIsSubtype)
            return sense ? std::optional<TypeId>(option) : std::nullopt;

        // If neither has any relationship, we only return A if sense is false.
        if (!optionIsSubtype && !targetIsSubtype)
            return sense ? std::nullopt : std::optional<TypeId>(option);

        // If both are subtypes, then we're in one of the two situations:
        //   1. Instance₁ <: Instance₂ ∧ Instance₂ <: Instance₁
        //   2. any <: Instance ∧ Instance <: any
        // Right now, we have to look at the types to see if they were undecidables.
        // By this point, we also know free tables are also subtypes and supertypes.
        if (optionIsSubtype && targetIsSubtype)
        {
            // We can only have (any, Instance) because the rhs is never undecidable right now.
            // So we can just return the right hand side immediately.

            // typeof(x) == "Instance" where x : any
            auto ttv = get<TableTypeVar>(option);
            if (isUndecidable(option) || (ttv && ttv->state == TableState::Free))
                return sense ? isaP.ty : option;

            // typeof(x) == "Instance" where x : Instance
            if (sense)
                return isaP.ty;
        }

        // local variable works around an odd gcc 9.3 warning: <anonymous> may be used uninitialized
        std::optional<TypeId> res = std::nullopt;
        return res;
    };

    refineLValue(isaP.lvalue, refis, scope, predicate);
}

void TypeChecker::resolve(const TypeGuardPredicate& typeguardP, RefinementMap& refis, const ScopePtr& scope, bool sense)
{
    // Rewrite the predicate 'type(foo) == "vector"' to be 'typeof(foo) == "Vector3"'. They're exactly identical.
    // This allows us to avoid writing in edge cases.
    if (!typeguardP.isTypeof && typeguardP.kind == "vector")
        return resolve(TypeGuardPredicate{std::move(typeguardP.lvalue), typeguardP.location, "Vector3", true}, refis, scope, sense);

    std::optional<TypeId> ty = resolveLValue(refis, scope, typeguardP.lvalue);
    if (!ty)
        return;

    // In certain cases, the value may actually be nil, but Luau doesn't know about it. So we whitelist this.
    if (sense && typeguardP.kind == "nil")
    {
        addRefinement(refis, typeguardP.lvalue, nilType);
        return;
    }

    using ConditionFunc = bool(TypeId);
    using SenseToTypeIdPredicate = std::function<TypeIdPredicate(bool)>;
    auto mkFilter = [](ConditionFunc f, std::optional<TypeId> other = std::nullopt) -> SenseToTypeIdPredicate {
        return [f, other](bool sense) -> TypeIdPredicate {
            return [f, other, sense](TypeId ty) -> std::optional<TypeId> {
                if (f(ty) == sense)
                    return ty;

                if (isUndecidable(ty))
                    return other.value_or(ty);

                return std::nullopt;
            };
        };
    };

    // Note: "vector" never happens here at this point, so we don't have to write something for it.
    // clang-format off
    static const std::unordered_map<std::string, SenseToTypeIdPredicate> primitives{
        // Trivial primitives.
        {"nil", mkFilter(isNil, nilType)}, // This can still happen when sense is false!
        {"string", mkFilter(isString, stringType)},
        {"number", mkFilter(isNumber, numberType)},
        {"boolean", mkFilter(isBoolean, booleanType)},
        {"thread", mkFilter(isThread, threadType)},

        // Non-trivial primitives.
        {"table", mkFilter([](TypeId ty) -> bool { return isTableIntersection(ty) || get<TableTypeVar>(ty) || get<MetatableTypeVar>(ty); })},
        {"function", mkFilter([](TypeId ty) -> bool { return isOverloadedFunction(ty) || get<FunctionTypeVar>(ty); })},

        // For now, we don't really care about being accurate with userdata if the typeguard was using typeof.
        {"userdata", mkFilter([](TypeId ty) -> bool { return get<ClassTypeVar>(ty); })},
    };
    // clang-format on

    if (auto it = primitives.find(typeguardP.kind); it != primitives.end())
    {
        refineLValue(typeguardP.lvalue, refis, scope, it->second(sense));
        return;
    }

    if (!typeguardP.isTypeof)
        return addRefinement(refis, typeguardP.lvalue, errorRecoveryType(scope));

    auto typeFun = globalScope->lookupType(typeguardP.kind);
    if (!typeFun || !typeFun->typeParams.empty() || !typeFun->typePackParams.empty())
        return addRefinement(refis, typeguardP.lvalue, errorRecoveryType(scope));

    TypeId type = follow(typeFun->type);

    // We're only interested in the root class of any classes.
    if (auto ctv = get<ClassTypeVar>(type); !ctv || ctv->parent)
        return addRefinement(refis, typeguardP.lvalue, errorRecoveryType(scope));

    // This probably hints at breaking out type filtering functions from the predicate solver so that typeof is not tightly coupled with IsA.
    // Until then, we rewrite this to be the same as using IsA.
    return resolve(IsAPredicate{std::move(typeguardP.lvalue), typeguardP.location, type}, refis, scope, sense);
}

void TypeChecker::resolve(const EqPredicate& eqP, RefinementMap& refis, const ScopePtr& scope, bool sense)
{
    // This refinement will require success typing to do everything correctly. For now, we can get most of the way there.
    auto options = [](TypeId ty) -> std::vector<TypeId> {
        if (auto utv = get<UnionTypeVar>(follow(ty)))
            return std::vector<TypeId>(begin(utv), end(utv));
        return {ty};
    };

    std::vector<TypeId> rhs = options(eqP.type);

    if (sense && std::any_of(rhs.begin(), rhs.end(), isUndecidable))
        return; // Optimization: the other side has unknown types, so there's probably an overlap. Refining is no-op here.

    auto predicate = [&](TypeId option) -> std::optional<TypeId> {
        if (!sense && isNil(eqP.type))
            return (isUndecidable(option) || !isNil(option)) ? std::optional<TypeId>(option) : std::nullopt;

        if (maybeSingleton(eqP.type))
        {
            // Normally we'd write option <: eqP.type, but singletons are always the subtype, so we flip this.
            if (!sense || canUnify(eqP.type, option, eqP.location).empty())
                return sense ? eqP.type : option;

            // local variable works around an odd gcc 9.3 warning: <anonymous> may be used uninitialized
            std::optional<TypeId> res = std::nullopt;
            return res;
        }

        return option;
    };

    refineLValue(eqP.lvalue, refis, scope, predicate);
}

bool TypeChecker::isNonstrictMode() const
{
    return (currentModule->mode == Mode::Nonstrict) || (currentModule->mode == Mode::NoCheck);
}

bool TypeChecker::useConstrainedIntersections() const
{
    return FFlag::LuauLowerBoundsCalculation && !isNonstrictMode();
}

std::vector<TypeId> TypeChecker::unTypePack(const ScopePtr& scope, TypePackId tp, size_t expectedLength, const Location& location)
{
    TypePackId expectedTypePack = addTypePack({});
    TypePack* expectedPack = getMutable<TypePack>(expectedTypePack);
    LUAU_ASSERT(expectedPack);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < expectedLength; ++i)
        expectedPack->head.push_back(freshType(scope));

    unify(tp, expectedTypePack, location);

    for (TypeId& tp : expectedPack->head)
        tp = follow(tp);

    return expectedPack->head;
}

std::vector<std::pair<Location, ScopePtr>> TypeChecker::getScopes() const
{
    return currentModule->scopes;
}

} // namespace Luau