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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">President of the United States</h1>
<div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
<div id="contentSub"></div>
<div id="jump-to-nav"></div>
<a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a>
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<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="mbox-image">
<div style="width:52px"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/50px-Mergefrom.svg.png"
width="50" height="20"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/75px-Mergefrom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/100px-Mergefrom.svg.png 2x"
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<td class="mbox-text">
<div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that <i><a
href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces"
title="Commander-in-Chief of the United States Armed Forces">Commander-in-Chief of the United States Armed
Forces</a></i> be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging" title="Wikipedia:Merging">merged</a> into this article. (<a
href="/wiki/Talk:President_of_the_United_States"
title="Talk:President of the United States">Discuss</a>)<small><i> Proposed since June 2018.</i></small></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"POTUS" redirects here. For the political talk radio channel, see <a
href="/wiki/P.O.T.U.S._(Sirius_XM)" title="P.O.T.U.S. (Sirius XM)">P.O.T.U.S. (Sirius XM)</a>.
</div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a
href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig"
title="President of the United States (disambiguation)">President of the United States (disambiguation)</a>. For a list, see
<a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of Presidents of the United States">List of Presidents of the
United States</a>.
</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<table class="infobox" style="width:22em">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold">President of the United States</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;">
<a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="image"><img
alt="Seal of the President of the United States.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/125px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png"
width="125" height="125"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/188px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/250px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x"
data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425"/></a>
<div><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Seal of the President of the United States">Presidential
Seal</a></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;">
<a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="image"><img
alt="Flag of the President of the United States.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png"
width="125" height="86"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x"
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<div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the President of the United States">Presidential
Standard</a></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
<div style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9; line-height:1.4em;">
<div style="padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg" class="image"><img
alt="Donald Trump official portrait.jpg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg/220px-Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg"
width="220" height="279" class="thumbborder"
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<b>Incumbent<br/><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></b><br/>since&#160;January 20,
2017
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
<a href="/wiki/Executive_branch_of_the_United_States_government" class="mw-redirect"
title="Executive branch of the United States government">Executive branch of the U.S. Government</a><br/><a
href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Office of the President">Executive
Office of the President</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" title="Style (manner of address)">Style</a></th>
<td>
<a href="/wiki/Mr._President_(title)" title="Mr. President (title)">Mr. President</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(informal)</span><sup
id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">&#91;1&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-2">&#91;2&#93;</a></sup><br/><a href="/wiki/The_Honourable#United_States" title="The Honourable">The
Honorable</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(formal)</span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-3">&#91;3&#93;</a></sup><br/><a href="/wiki/Excellency#United_States" title="Excellency">His
Excellency</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">&#91;4&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-5">&#91;5&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">&#91;6&#93;</a></sup><br/><span
style="font-size:85%;">(international correspondence)</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Status</th>
<td>
<a href="/wiki/Head_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of State">Head of State</a><br/><a
href="/wiki/Head_of_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of Government">Head of Government</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Member of</th>
<td>
<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a><br/><a
href="/wiki/United_States_Domestic_Policy_Council" title="United States Domestic Policy Council">Domestic Policy
Council</a><br/><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Economic_Council" class="mw-redirect"
title="United States National Economic Council">National Economic Council</a><br/><a
href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security
Council</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Official_residence" title="Official residence">Residence</a></th>
<td>
<a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Seat_(legal_entity)" title="Seat (legal entity)">Seat</a></th>
<td>
<a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Nominator</th>
<td>
<a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Political
parties</a> or self-nomination
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Appointer</th>
<td>
<a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College of the
United States</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Term_of_office" title="Term of office">Term length</a></th>
<td>
<a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"
title="Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution">Four years, renewable once</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Constituting instrument</th>
<td>
<a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Formation</th>
<td>
March&#160;4, 1789<span class="noprint"><br/>(229 years ago)</span><span style="display:none">&#160;(<span
class="bday dtstart published updated">1789-03-04</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-7">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">&#91;8&#93;</a></sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">First holder</th>
<td>
<a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">April 30, 1789</span><sup
id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">&#91;9&#93;</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Salary</th>
<td>
$400,000 annually<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">&#91;note 1&#93;</a></sup><sup
id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">&#91;10&#93;</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Website</th>
<td>
<span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whitehouse.gov">www<wbr/>.whitehouse<wbr/>.gov</a></span>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks vcard hlist"
style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding-top:0.4em;line-height:1.2em">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_the_United_States"
title="Category:Politics of the United States">a
series</a> on the
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;padding-top:0;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em"><a
href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics of the<br/>United States of
America</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="image"><img
alt="Greater coat of arms of the United States.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png"
width="135" height="142"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/203px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/270px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x"
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</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0">
<div class="NavHead"
style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;text-align:center; background:lavender;"><a
href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal
Government</a></div>
<div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
<ul>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" title="United States Constitution">Constitution of the
United States</a></b></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
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<li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House
of Representatives</a></b></li>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"
title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan"
title="Paul Ryan">Paul
Ryan</a> (R)
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"
title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">Majority Leader</a> <a
href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy_(California_politician)" title="Kevin McCarthy (California politician)">Kevin
McCarthy</a> (R)
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"
title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">Minority Leader</a> <a
href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a> (D)
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_districts"
title="List of United States congressional districts">Congressional districts</a></li>
</ul>
<hr/>
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alt="Seal of the United States Senate.svg"
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<li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States"
title="Vice President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence"
title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> (R)
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate"
title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President Pro Tempore</a> <a
href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Orrin Hatch</a> (R)
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate#President_pro_tempore_emeritus"
title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President Pro Tempore Emeritus</a> <a
href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a> (D)
</li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate"
title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Majority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell"
title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch
McConnell</a> (R)
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate"
title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Minority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer"
title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck
Schumer</a> (D)
</li>
</ul>
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<p>The <b>President of the United States</b>, fully <b>President of the United States of America</b> (<b>POTUS</b> <span
class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span
style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="&#39;p&#39; in &#39;pie&#39;">p</span><span
title="/oʊ/: &#39;o&#39; in &#39;code&#39;">oʊ</span><span title="&#39;t&#39; in &#39;tie&#39;">t</span><span
title="/ə/: &#39;a&#39; in &#39;about&#39;">ə</span><span
title="&#39;s&#39; in &#39;sigh&#39;">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"
title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i
title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">POH</span>-təs</i></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-13"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-13">&#91;note 2&#93;</a></sup> is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>
and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States"
title="United States">United
States of America</a>. The president directs the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States#Executive_branch"
title="Federal government of the United States">executive branch</a> of
the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a>
and is the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief#United_States" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the <a
href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a>.
</p>
<p>In contemporary times, the president is looked upon as one of the world's most powerful political figures and as the leader of the
only remaining global <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpower</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-14">&#91;12&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-15">&#91;13&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-16">&#91;14&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-17">&#91;15&#93;</a></sup> The role includes responsibility for the world's <a
href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures" title="List of countries by military expenditures">most expensive
military</a> that has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons" title="List of states with nuclear weapons">second
largest nuclear arsenal</a>. The president also leads the nation with the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)"
title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">largest
economy by nominal GDP</a>. The president possesses significant domestic and international <a href="/wiki/Hard_power"
title="Hard power">hard</a> and
<a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">soft power</a>.
</p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II of
the Constitution</a> establishes the executive branch of the federal government. It vests the executive power of the United States
in the president. The power includes the execution and enforcement of federal law, alongside the responsibility of appointing
federal executive, diplomatic, regulatory and judicial officers, and concluding treaties with foreign powers with the <a
href="/wiki/Advice_and_consent#United_States" title="Advice and consent">advice and consent</a> of the <a
href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>. The president is further empowered to grant
federal <a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">pardons and reprieves</a>, and to convene and adjourn either or both houses of <a
href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> under extraordinary circumstances.<sup
id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">&#91;16&#93;</a></sup> The president directs the foreign and
domestic policies of the United States, and takes an active role in promoting his policy priorities to members of Congress.<sup
id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">&#91;17&#93;</a></sup> In addition, as part of the system of <a
href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution"
title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">checks and balances</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article
One of the United States Constitution</a> gives the president the power to sign or <a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">veto</a>
federal legislation. Since the office of president was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of
the federal government as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">&#91;18&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<p>Through the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a>, the
registered voters <a href="/wiki/Indirect_election" title="Indirect election">indirectly elect</a> the president and vice
president to a four-year term. This is the only federal election in the United States which is not decided by popular vote.<sup
id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">&#91;19&#93;</a></sup> Nine vice presidents became president by
virtue of a president's intra-term death or resignation.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">&#91;note
3&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"
title="Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-second Amendment</a> precludes any United States
citizen from being elected president for a third term. It also prohibits a person from being elected to the presidency more than
once if that person previously had served as president, or <a href="/wiki/Acting_President_of_the_United_States"
title="Acting President of the United States">acting president</a>,
for more than two years of another person's term as president. In all, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States"
title="List of Presidents of the United States">44
individuals</a> have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-23">&#91;20&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a>
served two non-consecutive terms, so he is counted twice; as the 22nd and 24th presidents.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-24">&#91;21&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<p>The current president, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, was elected as the 45th president in <a
href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2016" title="United States presidential election, 2016">2016</a>. He was <a
href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="Inauguration of Donald Trump">inaugurated</a> on January 20, 2017.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"/>
<div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel"
for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span>
</div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Origin"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Origin</span></a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Powers_and_duties"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Powers and duties</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Article_I_legislative_role"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span
class="toctext">Article I legislative role</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Article_II_executive_powers"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span
class="toctext">Article II executive powers</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#War_and_foreign_affairs_powers"><span
class="tocnumber">2.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">War and foreign affairs powers</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Administrative_powers"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.2</span>
<span class="toctext">Administrative powers</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Juridical_powers"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.3</span> <span
class="toctext">Juridical powers</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Legislative_facilitator"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.4</span>
<span class="toctext">Legislative facilitator</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Ceremonial_roles"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span
class="toctext">Ceremonial roles</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Critics_of_presidency&#39;s_evolution"><span
class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Critics of presidency's evolution</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Selection_process"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Selection process</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Eligibility"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Eligibility</span></a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Campaigns_and_nomination"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span
class="toctext">Campaigns and nomination</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Election"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Election</span></a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Tenure"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span
class="toctext">Tenure</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Inauguration"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Inauguration</span></a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Term_limit"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Term limit</span></a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Impeachment"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Impeachment</span></a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Succession_and_disability"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span
class="toctext">Succession and disability</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Political_affiliation"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Political affiliation</span></a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Compensation"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Compensation</span></a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Residence"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span
class="toctext">Residence</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Travel"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span
class="toctext">Travel</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Protection"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span
class="toctext">Protection</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Post-presidency"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Post-presidency</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Presidential_libraries"><span class="tocnumber">11.1</span> <span
class="toctext">Presidential libraries</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Timeline_of_presidents"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span
class="toctext">Timeline of presidents</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span
class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span
class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Primary_sources"><span class="tocnumber">16.1</span> <span
class="toctext">Primary sources</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">17</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Origin">Origin</span></h2>
<p>During the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> in 1776, the <a
href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>, acting through the <a
href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a>, declared
political independence from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a>. The new
states were independent of each other as <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation states</a><sup
id="cite_ref-Milkis_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milkis-25">&#91;22&#93;</a></sup> and recognized the
necessity of closely coordinating their efforts against the British.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly_26-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-Kelly-26">&#91;23&#93;</a></sup> Congress desired to avoid anything that remotely resembled a <a
href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> and negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation"
title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of
Confederation</a> to establish an alliance between the states.<sup id="cite_ref-Milkis_25-1" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-Milkis-25">&#91;22&#93;</a></sup> Under the Articles, Congress was a central authority without any
legislative power. It could make its own resolutions, determinations, and regulations, but not any laws, and could not impose any
taxes or enforce local commercial regulations upon its citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly_26-1" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-Kelly-26">&#91;23&#93;</a></sup> This institutional design reflected how Americans believed the deposed
British system of <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">Crown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain"
title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a>
ought to have functioned with respect to the royal <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion</a>: a superintending body
for matters that concerned the entire empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly-26">&#91;23&#93;</a></sup>
The states were out from under any monarchy and assigned some formerly <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative"
title="Royal prerogative">royal prerogatives</a> (<i>e.g.</i>,
making war, receiving ambassadors, etc.) to Congress; the remaining prerogatives were lodged within their own respective state
governments. The states agreed to a resolution that settled competing western land claims. The Articles took effect on March 1,
1781, when <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> became the final state to ratify them.
</p>
<p>In 1783, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a> secured independence for
each of the former colonies. With peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs.<sup
id="cite_ref-Milkis_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milkis-25">&#91;22&#93;</a></sup> By 1786, Americans found
their continental borders besieged and weak and their respective economies in crises as neighboring states agitated trade
rivalries with one another. They witnessed their <a href="/wiki/Hard_currency" title="Hard currency">hard currency</a> pouring
into foreign markets to pay for imports, their <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>
commerce preyed upon by <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North African</a> <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates"
title="Barbary pirates">pirates</a>,
and their foreign-financed Revolutionary War debts unpaid and accruing interest.<sup id="cite_ref-Milkis_25-3"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-Milkis-25">&#91;22&#93;</a></sup> Civil and political unrest loomed.
</p>
<p>Following the successful resolution of commercial and fishing disputes between <a href="/wiki/Virginia"
title="Virginia">Virginia</a> and Maryland at the
<a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Conference" title="Mount Vernon Conference">Mount Vernon Conference</a> in 1785, Virginia called for a
trade conference between all the states, set for September 1786 in <a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland"
title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis, Maryland</a>, with an
aim toward resolving further-reaching interstate commercial antagonisms. When the <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Convention_(1786)"
title="Annapolis Convention (1786)">convention</a>
failed for lack of attendance due to suspicions among most of the other states, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton"
title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander
Hamilton</a> led the Annapolis delegates in a call for a convention to offer revisions to the Articles, to be held the next
spring in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>. Prospects for the next convention appeared bleak
until <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph"
title="Edmund Randolph">Edmund Randolph</a>
succeeded in securing <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>'s attendance to
Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-Milkis_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milkis-25">&#91;22&#93;</a></sup><sup
id="cite_ref-Beeman_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beeman-27">&#91;24&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<p>When the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional
Convention</a> convened in May 1787, the 12 state delegations in attendance (<a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode
Island</a> did not send delegates) brought with them an accumulated experience over a diverse set of institutional arrangements
between legislative and executive branches from within their respective state governments. Most states maintained a weak executive
without veto or appointment powers, elected annually by the legislature to a single term only, sharing power with an executive
council, and countered by a strong legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-Milkis_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milkis-25">&#91;22&#93;</a></sup>
<a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> offered the greatest exception, having a strong, unitary
governor with veto and appointment power elected to a three-year term, and eligible for reelection to an indefinite number of
terms thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-Milkis_25-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milkis-25">&#91;22&#93;</a></sup> It was
through the closed-door negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution"
title="United States Constitution">U.S.
Constitution</a> emerged.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Powers_and_duties">Powers and duties</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Article_I_legislative_role">Article I legislative role</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Reagan_signs_Martin_Luther_King_bill.jpg" class="image"><img
alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Reagan_signs_Martin_Luther_King_bill.jpg/220px-Reagan_signs_Martin_Luther_King_bill.jpg"
width="220" height="149" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Reagan_signs_Martin_Luther_King_bill.jpg/330px-Reagan_signs_Martin_Luther_King_bill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Reagan_signs_Martin_Luther_King_bill.jpg/440px-Reagan_signs_Martin_Luther_King_bill.jpg 2x"
data-file-width="2070" data-file-height="1401"/></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Reagan_signs_Martin_Luther_King_bill.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a>
</div>
President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> signs the <a
href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King bill</a>, 1983.
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Presentment_Clause" title="Presentment Clause">Presentment Clause</a> requires that any bill passed by <a
href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> must be presented to the president before it
can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options:
</p>
<ol>
<li>Sign the legislation within ten days, excluding Sundays&#160;&#8211;&#32;the bill <a href="/wiki/Coming_into_force"
title="Coming into force">becomes law</a>.
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Veto#United_States" title="Veto">Veto</a> the legislation within the above timeframe and return it to the house
of Congress from which it originated, expressing any objections&#160;&#8211;&#32;the bill does not become law, unless both
houses of Congress vote to override the veto by a <a href="/wiki/Supermajority#Two-thirds_vote" title="Supermajority">two-thirds
vote</a>.
</li>
<li>Take no action on the legislation within the above timeframe&#160;&#8211;&#32;the bill becomes law, as if the president had
signed it, unless Congress is adjourned at the time, in which case it does not become law (a <a href="/wiki/Pocket_veto"
title="Pocket veto">pocket
veto</a>).
</li>
</ol>
<p>In 1996, Congress attempted to enhance the president's veto power with the <a href="/wiki/Line_Item_Veto_Act_of_1996"
title="Line Item Veto Act of 1996">Line Item Veto
Act</a>. The legislation empowered the president to sign any spending bill into law while simultaneously striking certain spending
items within the bill, particularly any new spending, any amount of discretionary spending, or any new limited tax benefit.
Congress could then repass that particular item. If the president then vetoed the new legislation, Congress could override the
veto by its ordinary means, a two-thirds vote in both houses. In <i><a href="/wiki/Clinton_v._City_of_New_York"
title="Clinton v. City of New York">Clinton v. City of New
York</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_524"
title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 524">524</a>&#32;<a
href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/524/417/">417</a>&#32;(1998),
the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> ruled
such a legislative alteration of the veto power to be unconstitutional.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Article_II_executive_powers">Article II executive powers</span></h3>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="War_and_foreign_affairs_powers">War and foreign affairs powers</span></h4>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg"
class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg/200px-Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg"
width="200" height="263" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg/300px-Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg/400px-Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg 2x"
data-file-width="2850" data-file-height="3742"/></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>
<a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, the 16th president of the United States,
successfully preserved the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> during
the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
One of the most important of all executive powers is the president's role as <a
href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces"
title="Commander-in-Chief of the United States Armed Forces">Commander-in-Chief of the United States Armed Forces</a>. The
power to declare war is constitutionally vested in Congress, but the president has ultimate responsibility for the direction and
disposition of the military. The present-day operational command of the Armed Forces is delegated to the <a
href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> and is
normally exercised through the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary
of Defense</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman
of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Combatant_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Combatant Command">Combatant
Commands</a> assist with the operation as outlined in the presidentially approved Unified Command Plan (UCP).<sup
id="cite_ref-ucp_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucp-28">&#91;25&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-29">&#91;26&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-30">&#91;27&#93;</a></sup> The framers of the Constitution took care to limit the president's powers
regarding the military; <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> explained this in <a
href="/wiki/Federalist_No._69" title="Federalist No. 69">Federalist No. 69</a>:</p>
<blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The President is to be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States. ... It would
amount to nothing more than the supreme command and direction of the military and naval forces ... while that [the power] of the
<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchy of Great Britain">British king</a> extends to the
DECLARING of war and to the RAISING and REGULATING of fleets and armies, all [of] which ... would appertain to the
legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">&#91;28&#93;</a></sup> [Emphasis in the original.]
</p></blockquote>
<p> Pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution" title="War Powers Resolution">War Powers Resolution</a>, Congress must
authorize any troop deployments longer than 60 days, although that process relies on triggering mechanisms that have never been
employed, rendering it ineffectual.<sup id="cite_ref-miller-center_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miller-center-32">&#91;29&#93;</a></sup>
Additionally, Congress provides a check to presidential military power through its control over military spending and regulation.
Presidents have historically initiated the process for going to war,<sup id="cite_ref-tws12novef_33-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-tws12novef-33">&#91;30&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tws8nov102_34-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-tws8nov102-34">&#91;31&#93;</a></sup> but critics have charged that there have been several conflicts in
which presidents did not get official declarations, including <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore
Roosevelt</a>'s military move into <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> in 1903,<sup id="cite_ref-tws12novef_33-1"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-tws12novef-33">&#91;30&#93;</a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean
War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-tws12novef_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws12novef-33">&#91;30&#93;</a></sup> the <a
href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-tws12novef_33-3" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-tws12novef-33">&#91;30&#93;</a></sup> and the invasions of <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>
in 1983<sup id="cite_ref-tws8nov101_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws8nov101-35">&#91;32&#93;</a></sup> and <a
href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-tws8nov100_36-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-tws8nov100-36">&#91;33&#93;</a></sup>
</p><h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Administrative_powers">Administrative powers</span></h4>
<div class="quotebox pullquote"
style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0.5em 0 0.8em 1.4em; width:25%; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #F9F9F9;">
<div class="" style="position: relative; text-align: left;">
<div>Suffice it to say that the President is made the sole repository of the executive powers of the United States, and the
powers entrusted to him as well as the duties imposed upon him are awesome indeed.
</div>
</div>
<p><cite style="display: block; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William
Rehnquist</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nixon_v._General_Services_Administration" title="Nixon v. General Services Administration">Nixon
v. General Services Administration</a></i>, <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_433"
title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 433">433</a>&#32;<a
href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/433/425/">425</a>&#32;(1977)</b>
(<a href="/wiki/Dissenting_opinion" title="Dissenting opinion">dissenting opinion</a>)</cite>
</p>
</div>
<p>The president is the head of the executive branch of the federal government and is <a href="/wiki/Take_Care_Clause"
class="mw-redirect" title="Take Care Clause">constitutionally
obligated</a> to "take care that the laws be faithfully executed".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">&#91;34&#93;</a></sup>
The executive branch has over four million employees, including members of the military.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-38">&#91;35&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<p>Presidents make numerous executive branch appointments: an incoming president may make up to 6,000 before taking office and 8,000
more while serving. <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">Ambassadors</a>, members of the <a
href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a>, and other federal officers,
are all appointed by a president with the "<a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate#Checks_and_balances" title="United States Senate">advice
and consent</a>" of a majority of the Senate. When the Senate is in recess for at least ten days, the president may make <a
href="/wiki/Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">recess appointments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-39">&#91;36&#93;</a></sup> Recess appointments are temporary and expire at the end of the next session of
the Senate.
</p>
<p>The power of a president to fire executive officials has long been a contentious political issue. Generally, a president may remove
executive officials purely at will.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">&#91;37&#93;</a></sup> However,
Congress can curtail and constrain a president's authority to fire commissioners of independent regulatory agencies and certain
inferior executive officers by <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-41">&#91;38&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<p>To manage the growing federal bureaucracy, presidents have gradually surrounded themselves with many layers of staff, who were
eventually organized into the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States"
title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office of the President
of the United States</a>. Within the Executive Office, the president's innermost layer of aides (and their assistants) are
located in the <a href="/wiki/White_House_Office" title="White House Office">White House Office</a>.
</p>
<p>Additionally, the president possesses the power to manage operations of the federal government through issuing various types of
directives, such as <a href="/wiki/Presidential_proclamation_(United_States)" title="Presidential proclamation (United States)">presidential
proclamation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Executive_order_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect"
title="Executive order (United States)">executive orders</a>. When the president is lawfully
exercising one of his constitutionally conferred responsibilities, the scope of this power is broad.<sup id="cite_ref-42"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-42">&#91;39&#93;</a></sup> Even so, these directives are subject to <a
href="/wiki/Judicial_review_in_the_United_States" title="Judicial review in the United States">judicial review</a> by U.S.
federal courts, which can find them to be unconstitutional. Moreover, Congress can overturn an executive order though legislation.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Juridical_powers">Juridical powers</span></h4>
<p>The president also has the power to nominate <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_judge" title="United States federal judge">federal
judges</a>, including members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">United
States courts of appeals</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"
title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>.
However, these nominations require <a href="/wiki/Advice_and_consent#United_States" title="Advice and consent">Senate
confirmation</a>. Securing Senate approval can provide a major obstacle for presidents who wish to orient the federal
judiciary toward a particular ideological stance. When nominating judges to <a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court"
title="United States district court">U.S. district
courts</a>, presidents often respect the long-standing tradition of <a href="/wiki/Senatorial_courtesy"
title="Senatorial courtesy">senatorial courtesy</a>.
Presidents may also grant <a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">pardons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pardon#Related_concepts"
title="Pardon">reprieves</a>. <a
href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> pardoned <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard
Nixon</a> a month after taking office. Bill Clinton pardoned <a href="/wiki/Patty_Hearst" title="Patty Hearst">Patty
Hearst</a> on his last day in office, as is often done just before the end of a second presidential term, but not without <a
href="/wiki/Controversy" title="Controversy">controversy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tws8nov12_43-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-tws8nov12-43">&#91;40&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tws8nov11_44-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-tws8nov11-44">&#91;41&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tws8nov10_45-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-tws8nov10-45">&#91;42&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For further information, see <a
href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_or_granted_clemency_by_the_President_of_the_United_States"
title="List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the President of the United States">List of people pardoned or granted
clemency by the President of the United States</a>.
</div>
<p>Historically, two doctrines concerning executive power have developed that enable the president to exercise executive power with a
degree of autonomy. The first is <a href="/wiki/Executive_privilege" title="Executive privilege">executive privilege</a>, which
allows the president to withhold from disclosure any communications made directly to the president in the performance of executive
duties. <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> first claimed the privilege when
Congress requested to see <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief
Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a>'s notes from an unpopular treaty negotiation with <a
href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a>. While not enshrined in the
Constitution, or any other law, Washington's action created the precedent for the privilege. When <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon"
title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>
tried to use executive privilege as a reason for not turning over subpoenaed evidence to Congress during the <a
href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a>, the Supreme Court ruled in <i><a
href="/wiki/United_States_v._Nixon" title="United States v. Nixon">United States v. Nixon</a></i>, <a
href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_418"
title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 418">418</a>&#32;<a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports"
title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/418/683/">683</a>&#32;(1974), that
executive privilege did not apply in cases where a president was attempting to avoid criminal prosecution. When President <a
href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a> attempted to use executive privilege regarding the <a
href="/wiki/Lewinsky_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewinsky scandal">Lewinsky scandal</a>, the Supreme Court ruled
in <i><a href="/wiki/Clinton_v._Jones" title="Clinton v. Jones">Clinton v. Jones</a></i>, <a
href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_520"
title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 520">520</a>&#32;<a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports"
title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/520/681/">681</a>&#32;(1997), that
the privilege also could not be used in civil suits. These cases established the <a href="/wiki/Precedent" title="Precedent">legal
precedent</a> that executive privilege is valid, although the exact extent of the privilege has yet to be clearly defined.
Additionally, federal courts have allowed this privilege to radiate outward and protect other executive branch employees, but have
weakened that protection for those executive branch communications that do not involve the president.<sup id="cite_ref-46"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-46">&#91;43&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:SOU2007.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/SOU2007.jpg/220px-SOU2007.jpg"
width="220" height="157"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/SOU2007.jpg/330px-SOU2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/SOU2007.jpg/440px-SOU2007.jpg 2x"
data-file-width="515"
data-file-height="368"/></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:SOU2007.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> delivers the <a
href="/wiki/2007_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2007 State of the Union Address">2007 State of the Union
Address</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice
President</a> <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"
title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi"
title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy
Pelosi</a>.
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/State_secrets_privilege" title="State secrets privilege">state secrets privilege</a> allows the president and
the executive branch to withhold information or documents from <a href="/wiki/Discovery_(law)"
title="Discovery (law)">discovery</a> in legal proceedings if
such release would harm <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</a>. Precedent for the
privilege arose early in the 19th century when <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>
refused to release military documents in the <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a> trial of <a
href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> and again in <i><a href="/wiki/Totten_v._United_States"
title="Totten v. United States">Totten v.
United States</a></i> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_92"
title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 92">92</a>&#32;<a
href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/92/105/">105</a>&#32;(1876),
when the Supreme Court dismissed a case brought by a former Union spy.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-47">&#91;44&#93;</a></sup> However, the privilege was not formally recognized by the U.S. Supreme Court
until <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Reynolds" title="United States v. Reynolds">United States v. Reynolds</a></i> <a
href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_345"
title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 345">345</a>&#32;<a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports"
title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/345/1/">1</a>&#32;(1953), where it
was held to be a <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> <a href="/wiki/Evidence_(law)"
title="Evidence (law)">evidentiary</a> privilege.<sup
id="cite_ref-ACS_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACS-48">&#91;45&#93;</a></sup> Before the <a
href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, use of the privilege had been
rare, but increasing in frequency.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">&#91;46&#93;</a></sup> Since
2001, the government has asserted the privilege in more cases and at earlier stages of the litigation, thus in some instances
causing dismissal of the suits before reaching the merits of the claims, as in the <a
href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit"
title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">Ninth Circuit</a>'s ruling in <i><a
href="/wiki/Mohamed_v._Jeppesen_Dataplan,_Inc." title="Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan, Inc.">Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan,
Inc.</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-ACS_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACS-48">&#91;45&#93;</a></sup><sup
id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">&#91;47&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-51">&#91;48&#93;</a></sup> Critics of the privilege claim its use has become a tool for the government to
cover up illegal or embarrassing government actions.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-52">&#91;49&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-53">&#91;50&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Legislative_facilitator">Legislative facilitator</span></h4>
<p>The Constitution's <a href="/wiki/Ineligibility_Clause" title="Ineligibility Clause">Ineligibility Clause</a> prevents the
president (and all other executive officers) from simultaneously being a member of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress"
title="United States Congress">Congress</a>.
Therefore, the president cannot directly introduce <a href="/wiki/Bill_(law)" title="Bill (law)">legislative proposals</a> for
consideration in Congress. However, the president can take an indirect role in shaping legislation, especially if the president's
political party has a majority in one or both houses of Congress. For example, the president or other officials of the executive
branch may draft legislation and then ask senators or representatives to introduce these drafts into Congress. The president can
further influence the legislative branch through constitutionally or statutorily mandated, periodic reports to Congress. These
reports may be either written or oral, but today the greatest in importance are given as the oral <a
href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union</a> addresses, which often outline the
president's legislative proposals for the coming year. Additionally, the president may attempt to have Congress alter proposed
legislation by threatening to veto that legislation unless requested changes are made.
</p>
<p>In the 20th century, critics charged that too many legislative and budgetary powers that should have belonged to Congress had slid
into the hands of presidents. As the head of the executive branch, presidents control a vast array of <a
href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_federal_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States federal agencies">agencies</a>
that can issue regulations with little oversight from Congress. One critic charged that presidents could appoint a "virtual army
of 'czars' – each wholly unaccountable to Congress yet tasked with spearheading major policy efforts for the White House".<sup
id="cite_ref-tws28sep08_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws28sep08-54">&#91;51&#93;</a></sup> Presidents have
been criticized for making <a href="/wiki/Signing_statement" title="Signing statement">signing statements</a> when signing
congressional legislation about how they understand a bill or plan to execute it.<sup id="cite_ref-tws04oct08_55-0"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-tws04oct08-55">&#91;52&#93;</a></sup> This practice has been criticized by the <a
href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a> as
unconstitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-tws11nov301_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws11nov301-56">&#91;53&#93;</a></sup>
Conservative commentator <a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">George Will</a> wrote of an "increasingly swollen
executive branch" and "the eclipse of Congress".<sup id="cite_ref-tws28sep_57-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-tws28sep-57">&#91;54&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<p>According to <a
href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_3:_Calling_Congress_into_extraordinary_session;_adjourning_Congress"
title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II, Section 3</a> of the Constitution, the president may convene
either or both houses of Congress. If both houses cannot agree on a date of adjournment, the president may appoint a date for
Congress to adjourn. For example, Franklin Delano Roosevelt convened a special session of Congress immediately after the December
7, 1941, Japanese sneak attack on Pearl Harbor and asked for a declaration of war.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ceremonial_roles">Ceremonial roles</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilson_opening_day_1916.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wilson_opening_day_1916.jpg/220px-Wilson_opening_day_1916.jpg"
width="220"
height="155"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wilson_opening_day_1916.jpg/330px-Wilson_opening_day_1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wilson_opening_day_1916.jpg/440px-Wilson_opening_day_1916.jpg 2x"
data-file-width="728"
data-file-height="512"/></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilson_opening_day_1916.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> throws out the ceremonial first ball on
<a href="/wiki/Opening_Day" title="Opening Day">Opening Day</a>, 1916
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>As head of state, the president can fulfill traditions established by previous presidents. <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft"
title="William Howard Taft">William
Howard Taft</a> started the tradition of throwing out the <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_first_pitch" title="Ceremonial first pitch">ceremonial
first pitch</a> in 1910 at <a href="/wiki/Griffith_Stadium" title="Griffith Stadium">Griffith Stadium</a>, Washington, D.C., on
the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Twins#Washington_Nationals/Senators:_1901–1960" title="Minnesota Twins">Washington Senators</a>' <a
href="/wiki/Opening_Day" title="Opening Day">Opening Day</a>. Every president since Taft, except for <a
href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, threw out at least one ceremonial first ball or pitch for
Opening Day, the <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game" title="Major League Baseball All-Star Game">All-Star Game</a>,
or the <a href="/wiki/World_Series" title="World Series">World Series</a>, usually with much fanfare.<sup id="cite_ref-58"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-58">&#91;55&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<p>The President of the United States has served as the honorary president of the <a href="/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America"
title="Boy Scouts of America">Boy Scouts of
America</a> since the founding of the organization.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-59">&#91;56&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<p>Other presidential traditions are associated with American holidays. <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes"
title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> began
in 1878 the first White House <a href="/wiki/White_House_Easter_Egg_Roll" class="mw-redirect" title="White House Easter Egg Roll">egg
rolling</a> for local children.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">&#91;57&#93;</a></sup>
Beginning in 1947, during the <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> administration, every <a
href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)" title="Thanksgiving (United States)">Thanksgiving</a> the president is presented
with a live domestic turkey during the annual <a href="/wiki/National_Thanksgiving_Turkey_Presentation"
title="National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation">National Thanksgiving Turkey
Presentation</a> held at the White House. Since 1989, when the custom of "pardoning" the turkey was formalized by <a
href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, the turkey has been taken to a farm where
it will live out the rest of its natural life.<sup id="cite_ref-Hesse_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hesse-61">&#91;58&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<p>Presidential traditions also involve the president's role as head of government. Many outgoing presidents since <a
href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> traditionally give advice to their successor during the
<a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_transition" title="United States presidential transition">presidential
transition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">&#91;59&#93;</a></sup> <a
href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and his successors have also left a private message on
the desk of the Oval Office on <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Inauguration Day">Inauguration Day</a>
for the incoming president.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">&#91;60&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="mbox-image">
<div class="center">
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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"
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data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"/></div>
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</td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="line-height:1.1em">
<div class="haudio">
<div style="padding:4px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Four_ruffles_and_flourishes,_hail_to_the_chief_(long_version).ogg"
title="File:Four ruffles and flourishes, hail to the chief (long version).ogg">Four
ruffles and flourishes and 'Hail to the Chief' (long version)</a></div>
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</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="mbox-text" style="line-height:1.1em">
<hr/>
<span><i>Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>During a state visit by a foreign head of state, the president typically hosts a <a href="/wiki/State_visits_to_the_United_States"
title="State visits to the United States">State
Arrival Ceremony</a> held on the <a href="/wiki/South_Lawn" class="mw-redirect" title="South Lawn">South Lawn</a>, a custom begun
by <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-64">&#91;61&#93;</a></sup> This is followed by a <a href="/wiki/White_House_State_Dinner"
class="mw-redirect" title="White House State Dinner">state
dinner</a> given by the president which is held in the <a href="/wiki/State_Dining_Room_of_the_White_House"
title="State Dining Room of the White House">State Dining Room</a>
later in the evening.<sup id="cite_ref-The_White_House_State_Dinner_65-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-The_White_House_State_Dinner-65">&#91;62&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<p>The modern presidency holds the president as one of the nation's premier celebrities. Some argue that images of the presidency have
a tendency to be manipulated by administration <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a>
officials as well as by presidents themselves. One critic described the presidency as "propagandized leadership" which has a
"mesmerizing power surrounding the office".<sup id="cite_ref-tws11nov304_66-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-tws11nov304-66">&#91;63&#93;</a></sup> Administration public relations managers staged carefully crafted
<a href="/wiki/Photo_op" title="Photo op">photo-ops</a> of smiling presidents with smiling crowds for television cameras.<sup
id="cite_ref-tws11novjopkl_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws11novjopkl-67">&#91;64&#93;</a></sup> One critic
wrote the image of <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> was described as carefully framed
"in rich detail" which "drew on the power of myth" regarding the incident of <a href="/wiki/Motor_Torpedo_Boat_PT-109"
title="Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109">PT 109</a><sup
id="cite_ref-tws11novfddxs_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws11novfddxs-68">&#91;65&#93;</a></sup> and wrote
that Kennedy understood how to use images to further his presidential ambitions.<sup id="cite_ref-tws11novfyyhhxs_69-0"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-tws11novfyyhhxs-69">&#91;66&#93;</a></sup> As a result, some political commentators have opined that
American voters have unrealistic expectations of presidents: voters expect a president to "drive the economy, vanquish enemies,
lead the free world, comfort tornado victims, heal the national soul and protect borrowers from hidden credit-card fees".<sup
id="cite_ref-tws9novrfrff_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws9novrfrff-70">&#91;67&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span id="Critics_of_presidency.27s_evolution"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Critics_of_presidency's_evolution">Critics of presidency's evolution</span>
</h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Presidency"
title="Imperial Presidency">Imperial Presidency</a> and
<a href="/wiki/Imperiled_Presidency" title="Imperiled Presidency">Imperiled Presidency</a></div>
<p>The nation's <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding
Fathers</a> expected the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>—which was the first
branch of government described in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution"
title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a>—to be the dominant branch of
government; they did not expect a strong executive department.<sup id="cite_ref-tws9nov09_71-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-tws9nov09-71">&#91;68&#93;</a></sup> However, presidential power has shifted over time, which has
resulted in claims that the modern presidency has become too powerful,<sup id="cite_ref-twsSEPnnxcvdf1_72-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-twsSEPnnxcvdf1-72">&#91;69&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-twsSEPnn5454_73-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-twsSEPnn5454-73">&#91;70&#93;</a></sup> unchecked, unbalanced,<sup id="cite_ref-tws9nov07_74-0"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-tws9nov07-74">&#91;71&#93;</a></sup> and "monarchist" in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-tws9nov08_75-0"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-tws9nov08-75">&#91;72&#93;</a></sup> Professor <a href="/wiki/Dana_D._Nelson" title="Dana D. Nelson">Dana
D. Nelson</a> believes presidents over the past thirty years have worked towards "undivided presidential control of the
executive branch and its agencies".<sup id="cite_ref-twsSEPrt8jyh5_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsSEPrt8jyh5-76">&#91;73&#93;</a></sup>
She criticizes proponents of the <a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">unitary executive</a>
for expanding "the many existing uncheckable executive powers – such as executive orders, decrees, memorandums, proclamations,
national security directives and legislative signing statements – that already allow presidents to enact a good deal of foreign
and domestic policy without aid, interference or consent from Congress".<sup id="cite_ref-twsSEPrt8jyh5_76-1" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-twsSEPrt8jyh5-76">&#91;73&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Wilson_(activist)"
title="Bill Wilson (activist)">Bill Wilson</a>, board member
of <a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Limited_Government" title="Americans for Limited Government">Americans for Limited Government</a>,
opined that the expanded presidency was "the greatest threat ever to individual freedom and democratic rule".<sup
id="cite_ref-tws8nov06_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws8nov06-77">&#91;74&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Selection_process">Selection process</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg"
class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg/200px-Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg"
width="200" height="243" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg/300px-Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg/400px-Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg 2x"
data-file-width="1588" data-file-height="1932"/></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>
<a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, the first president of the United
States
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Eligibility">Eligibility</span></h3>
<p><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_5:_Qualifications_for_office"
title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II, Section 1, Clause 5</a> of the Constitution sets three
qualifications for holding the presidency. To serve as president, one must:
</p>
<ul>
<li>be a <a href="/wiki/Natural-born-citizen_clause" title="Natural-born-citizen clause">natural-born U.S. citizen</a> of the
United States;
</li>
<li>be at least thirty-five years old;</li>
<li>be a <a href="/wiki/Residency_(domicile)#United_States" title="Residency (domicile)">resident in the United States</a> for at
least fourteen years.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">&#91;75&#93;</a></sup></li>
</ul>
<p>A person who meets the above qualifications would, however, still be disqualified from holding the office of president under any of
the following conditions:
</p>
<ul>
<li>Under the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"
title="Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-second Amendment</a>, no person can be
elected president more than twice. The amendment also specifies that if any eligible person serves as president or acting
president for more than two years of a term for which some other eligible person was elected president, the former can only be
elected president once.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">&#91;76&#93;</a></sup><sup
id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">&#91;77&#93;</a></sup></li>
<li>Under <a
href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_7:_Judgment_in_cases_of_impeachment;_Punishment_on_conviction"
title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I, Section 3, Clause 7</a>, upon conviction in impeachment
cases, the Senate has the option of disqualifying convicted individuals from holding federal office, including that of
president.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">&#91;78&#93;</a></sup></li>
<li>Under <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Participants_in_rebellion"
title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment</a>, no person
who swore an oath to support the Constitution, and later rebelled against the United States, can become president. However,
this disqualification can be lifted by a two-thirds vote of each house of Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-82">&#91;79&#93;</a></sup></li>
</ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Campaigns_and_nomination">Campaigns and nomination</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary"
title="United States presidential primary">United States
presidential primary</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention"
title="United States presidential nominating convention">United States presidential nominating
convention</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_debates" class="mw-redirect"
title="United States presidential election debates">United States presidential election debates</a>, and <a
href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">United States presidential
election</a></div>
<p>The modern presidential campaign begins before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary"
title="United States presidential primary">primary elections</a>, which the
two major political parties use to clear the field of candidates before their <a
href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention" title="United States presidential nominating convention">national
nominating conventions</a>, where the most successful candidate is made the party's nominee for president. Typically, the
party's presidential candidate chooses a vice presidential nominee, and this choice is <a href="/wiki/Rubber_stamp_(politics)"
title="Rubber stamp (politics)">rubber-stamped</a>
by the convention. The most common previous profession of U.S. presidents is lawyer.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-83">&#91;80&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<p>Nominees participate in <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_debates" class="mw-redirect"
title="United States presidential election debates">nationally televised debates</a>, and while the
debates are usually restricted to the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a>
and <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominees, third party
candidates may be invited, such as <a href="/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot">Ross Perot</a> in the 1992 debates. Nominees
campaign across the country to explain their views, convince voters and solicit contributions. Much of the modern electoral
process is concerned with winning <a href="/wiki/Swing_state" title="Swing state">swing states</a> through frequent visits and <a
href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a> advertising drives.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Election">Election</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:292px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Electoral_map_2012-2020.svg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Electoral_map_2012-2020.svg/290px-Electoral_map_2012-2020.svg.png"
width="290"
height="179"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Electoral_map_2012-2020.svg/435px-Electoral_map_2012-2020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Electoral_map_2012-2020.svg/580px-Electoral_map_2012-2020.svg.png 2x"
data-file-width="959"
data-file-height="593"/></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Electoral_map_2012-2020.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Map of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> showing the number of electoral votes
allocated following the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Census" title="2010 United States Census">2010 census</a> to
each <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">state</a> and the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia"
class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District
of Columbia</a> for the 2012, 2016 and 2020 presidential elections; it also notes that <a href="/wiki/Maine"
title="Maine">Maine</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a> distribute electors by way of the <a
href="/wiki/Congressional_District_Method" class="mw-redirect" title="Congressional District Method">Congressional
District Method</a>. 270 electoral votes are required for a majority out of 538 votes possible.
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)"
title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral
College (United States)</a></div>
<p>The president and vice president are elected indirectly by the voters of each state and the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia"
class="mw-redirect"
title="District of Columbia">District
of Columbia</a> through the Electoral College, a body of electors formed every four years for the sole purpose of electing the
president and vice president to concurrent four-year terms. As prescribed by the <a
href="/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"
title="Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twelfth Amendment</a>, each state is entitled to a number of
electors equal to the size of its total delegation in both houses of Congress. Additionally, the <a
href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"
title="Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-third Amendment</a> provides that the District of
Columbia is entitled to the number it would have if it were a state, but in no case more than that of the least populous
state.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">&#91;81&#93;</a></sup> Currently, all states and D.C. select
their electors based on a popular election held on <a href="/wiki/Election_Day_(United_States)"
title="Election Day (United States)">Election Day</a>. Prior to the
election, the political parties in each nominates a <a href="/wiki/Slate_(elections)" title="Slate (elections)">slate</a> of
electors. Then on Election Day, the voters in each select the individual electors by casting their ballots for President. In all
but two states, the entire slate whose <a href="/wiki/Ticket_(election)" title="Ticket (election)">ticket</a> wins the popular
vote is named as presidential electors.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">&#91;82&#93;</a></sup>
Deviating from this <span class="nowrap">winner-take-all</span> practice are <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>; in both states, the winner of the popular vote in each congressional
district is awarded one elector, and the winner of the state-wide vote is then awarded the state's remaining two electors.<sup
id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">&#91;83&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-87">&#91;84&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<p>On the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December, about six weeks after the election, the electors convene in their
respective state capitals (and in Washington D.C.) to vote for president and, on a separate ballot, for vice president. An elector
may vote for whomever he or she wishes for each office provided that at least one of their votes (president or vice president) is
for a person who is not a resident of the same state as themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-HF-XII_88-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-HF-XII-88">&#91;85&#93;</a></sup> Each state then sends a certified record of their electoral votes to
Congress. The votes of the electors are opened during a <a href="/wiki/Joint_session_of_the_United_States_Congress"
title="Joint session of the United States Congress">joint session</a>
of the incoming Congress, held in the first week of January, and read aloud by the incumbent vice president, acting in his
capacity as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Senate#United_States" title="President of the Senate">President of the Senate</a>. If
any person received an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_majority" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute majority">absolute majority</a> of
electoral votes for president (currently 270 of 538), that person is declared the winner. Otherwise, the <a
href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of
Representatives</a> meet to elect a president using a <a href="/wiki/Contingent_election" title="Contingent election">contingent
election</a> procedure prescribed by the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-CRS2017THN_89-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-CRS2017THN-89">&#91;86&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<p>There have been two contingent presidential elections in the nation's history. A 73–73 electoral vote tie between <a
href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> and fellow Democratic-Republican <a
href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1800"
title="United States presidential election, 1800">election
of 1800</a> necessitated the first. Conducted under the original procedure established by <a
href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_3:_Electors"
title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II, Section 1, Clause 3</a> of the Constitution, which
stipulates that if two or three persons received a majority vote and an equal vote, the House of Representatives would choose one
of them for president; the runner up would become Vice President.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">&#91;87&#93;</a></sup>
On February 17, 1801, Jefferson was elected president on the 36th ballot, and Burr became vice president. Afterward, the system
was overhauled through the Twelfth Amendment in time to be used in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1804"
title="United States presidential election, 1804">1804
election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HF-XII_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HF-XII-88">&#91;85&#93;</a></sup> A
quarter-century later, the choice for president again devolved to the House when no candidate won an absolute majority of
electoral votes (131 of 261) in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1824"
title="United States presidential election, 1824">election of 1824</a>. Under the Twelfth
Amendment, the House was required to choose a president from among the top three electoral vote recipients: <a
href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams"
title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a>,
and <a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a>. Held February 9, 1825, this second
and most recent contingent election resulted in John Quincy Adams being elected president on the first ballot.<sup
id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">&#91;88&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Tenure">Tenure</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Inauguration">Inauguration</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration"
title="United States presidential inauguration">United
States presidential inauguration</a></div>
<p>Pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"
title="Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twentieth Amendment</a>, the four-year term of
office for both the president and vice president begins at noon on January 20.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-92">&#91;89&#93;</a></sup> The first presidential and vice presidential terms to begin on this date,
known as <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration" title="United States presidential inauguration">Inauguration
Day</a>, were the <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt"
title="Second inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">second terms</a> of President <a
href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and Vice President <a
href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John Nance Garner</a> in 1937.<sup
id="cite_ref-HHistory1201937_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HHistory1201937-93">&#91;90&#93;</a></sup>
Previously, Inauguration Day was on March 4. As a result of the date change, the first term (1933–37) of both men had been
shortened by 43 days.<sup id="cite_ref-GPOCONAN20171021_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPOCONAN20171021-94">&#91;91&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<p>Before executing the powers of the office, a president is required to <a href="/wiki/Recitation" title="Recitation">recite</a> the
<a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Oath of office of the President of the United States">presidential
oath of office</a>, found in <a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_8:_Oath_or_affirmation"
title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II, Section 1, Clause 8</a>.
This is the only component in the inauguration ceremony mandated by the Constitution:
</p>
<blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I do solemnly swear (or <a href="/wiki/Affirmation_in_law" title="Affirmation in law">affirm</a>)
that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve,
protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-VK218_95-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-VK218-95">&#91;92&#93;</a></sup>
</p></blockquote>
<p>Presidents have traditionally placed one hand upon a <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> while taking the oath, and have
added "So help me God" to the end of the oath.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-96">&#91;93&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-97">&#91;94&#93;</a></sup> Although the oath may be administered by any person authorized by law to
administer oaths, presidents are traditionally sworn in by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States"
title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the
United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VK218_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VK218-95">&#91;92&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Term_limit">Term limit</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:FDR_in_1933.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/200px-FDR_in_1933.jpg"
width="200" height="235"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/300px-FDR_in_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/400px-FDR_in_1933.jpg 2x"
data-file-width="2488"
data-file-height="2928"/></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:FDR_in_1933.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
<a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> won a record four <a
href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">presidential
elections</a> (spanning 1932–1944).
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>When the first president, George Washington, announced in his <i><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Farewell_Address"
title="George Washington&#39;s Farewell Address">Farewell
Address</a></i> that he was not running for a third term, he established a "two-terms then out" precedent. Precedent became
tradition after <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> publicly embraced the principle a
decade later during his second term, as did his two immediate successors, <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James
Madison</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TermsTenure_98-0"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-TermsTenure-98">&#91;95&#93;</a></sup> In spite of the strong two-term tradition, <a
href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> sought a non-consecutive third term in
1880,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">&#91;96&#93;</a></sup> as did <a
href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> in 1912 (though it would have been only
his second full term).<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">&#91;97&#93;</a></sup> Both were
unsuccessful.
</p>
<p>In 1940, after leading the nation through the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>,
Franklin Roosevelt was elected to a third term, breaking the self-imposed precedent. Four years later, with the U.S. engaged in <a
href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, he was re-elected again despite his declining physical
health; he died 82 days into his fourth term on April 12, 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-22ndAPPC_101-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-22ndAPPC-101">&#91;98&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<p>In response to the unprecedented length of Roosevelt's presidency, the <a
href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"
title="Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-second Amendment</a> was <a href="/wiki/Ratification"
title="Ratification">adopted</a>
in 1951. The amendment bars anyone from being elected president more than twice, or once if that person served more than two years
(24 months) of another president's four-year term. <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>,
president when this <a href="/wiki/Term_limit" title="Term limit">term limit</a> came into force, was exempted from its
limitations, and briefly sought a second full term—to which he would have otherwise been inelegible for election to, as he had
been president for more than two years of Roosevelt's fourth term—before he withdrew from the <a
href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1952" title="United States presidential election, 1952">1952 election</a>.<sup
id="cite_ref-22ndAPPC_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22ndAPPC-101">&#91;98&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<p>Since the amendment's adoption, five presidents have served two full terms: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower"
title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D.
Eisenhower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton"
title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>,
<a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack
Obama</a>. Both <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"
title="George H. W. Bush">George H.
W. Bush</a> sought a second term, but were defeated. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> was
elected to a second term, but resigned before completing it. <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B.
Johnson</a>, having held the presidency for one full term in addition to only 14 months of <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"
title="John F. Kennedy">John F.
Kennedy</a>'s unexpired term, was eligible for a second full term in 1968, but <a
href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_1968#Johnson_withdraws"
title="Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1968">withdrew from Democratic Primary</a>. Additionally, <a
href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>, who served out the last two years and five months of Nixon's
second term, sought a full term, but was defeated by Jimmy Carter in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1976"
title="United States presidential election, 1976">1976
election</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Impeachment">Impeachment</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_in_the_United_States"
title="Impeachment in the United States">Impeachment
in the United States</a></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_4:_Impeachment"
title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II, Section 4</a> of the Constitution allows for the removal of
high federal officials, including the president, from office for "<a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">bribery</a>, or other <a href="/wiki/High_crimes_and_misdemeanors"
title="High crimes and misdemeanors">high crimes and
misdemeanors</a>." <a
href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_5:_Speaker_and_other_officers;_Impeachment"
title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I, Section 2, Clause 5</a> authorizes the House of
Representatives to serve as a "<a href="/wiki/Grand_jury" title="Grand jury">grand jury</a>" with the power to <a
href="/wiki/Impeachment" title="Impeachment">impeach</a> said officials by a majority vote.<sup
id="cite_ref-A1essaySBP_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A1essaySBP-102">&#91;99&#93;</a></sup> <a
href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_6:_Trial_of_Impeachments"
title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I, Section 3, Clause 6</a> authorizes the Senate to serve as
a <a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">court</a> with the power to remove impeached officials from office, by a two-thirds vote to
convict.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">&#91;100&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<p>Two presidents have been impeached by the House of Representatives: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew
Johnson</a> in <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">1868</a>, and Bill Clinton in
<a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Impeachment of Bill Clinton">1998</a>. Both were aquited by the senate: Johnson
by one vote, and Clinton by 17 votes. Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary"
title="United States House Committee on the Judiciary">House Judiciary
Committee</a> commenced impeachment proceedings against Richard Nixon in <a
href="/wiki/Impeachment_process_against_Richard_Nixon" title="Impeachment process against Richard Nixon">1974</a>;
however, he resigned from office before the full House voted on the articles of impeachment.<sup id="cite_ref-A1essaySBP_102-1"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-A1essaySBP-102">&#91;99&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Succession_and_disability">Succession and disability</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession"
title="United States presidential line of succession">United
States presidential line of succession</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acting_President_of_the_United_States"
title="Acting President of the United States">Acting President of the United
States</a></div>
<p>Succession to or vacancies in the office of president may arise under several possible circumstances: death, resignation, and <a
href="/wiki/Impeachment_in_the_United_States#Senate" title="Impeachment in the United States">removal from office</a>. Deaths
have occurred a number of times, resignation has occurred only once, and removal from office has never occurred.
</p>
<p>Under <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_3:_Presidential_declaration"
title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Section 3 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment</a>, the
president may transfer the presidential powers and duties to the vice president, who then becomes <a
href="/wiki/Acting_President_of_the_United_States" title="Acting President of the United States">acting president</a>, by
transmitting a statement to the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"
title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a> and the
<a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President
<i>pro tempore</i> of the Senate</a> stating the reasons for the transfer. The president resumes the discharge of the
presidential powers and duties upon transmitting, to those two officials, a written declaration stating that resumption. Such a
transfer of power has occurred on three occasions: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> to <a
href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> once, on July 13, 1985, and <a
href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick
Cheney</a> twice, on June 29, 2002, and on July 21, 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">&#91;101&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<p>Under <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_4:_Vice_Presidential–Cabinet_declaration"
title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Section 4 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment</a>, the vice
president, in conjunction with a majority of the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States"
title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a>, may transfer the
presidential powers and duties from the president to the vice president by transmitting a written declaration to the Speaker of
the House and the president <i>pro tempore</i> of the Senate that the president is <a href="/wiki/Capacity_(law)"
title="Capacity (law)">incapacitated</a>—unable
to discharge their presidential powers and duties. If this occurs, then the vice president will assume the presidential powers and
duties as acting president; however, the president can declare that no such inability exists and resume the discharge of the
presidential powers and duties. If the vice president and Cabinet contest this claim, it is up to Congress, which must meet within
two days if not already in session, to decide the merit of the claim.
</p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_1:_Presidential_succession"
title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Section 1 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment</a> states that the
vice president becomes president upon the removal from office, death, or resignation of the preceding president. <a
href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_6:_Vacancy_and_disability"
title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II, Section 1, Clause 6</a> authorizes Congress to declare
who shall become acting president in the "Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of the President and Vice
President."<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">&#91;102&#93;</a></sup> The <a
href="/wiki/Presidential_Succession_Act_of_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential Succession Act of 1947">Presidential
Succession Act of 1947</a>, (codified as <a href="/wiki/Title_3_of_the_United_States_Code"
title="Title 3 of the United States Code">3 U.S.C.</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow"
class="external text"
href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/3/19">§&#160;19</a>)
provides that if both the president and vice president have left office or are both otherwise unavailable to serve during their
terms of office, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession"
title="United States presidential line of succession">presidential line of succession</a> follows the
order of: Speaker of the House, then, if necessary, the President pro tempore of the Senate, and then if necessary, the eligible
heads of <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">federal
executive departments</a> who form the president's <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States"
title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a>. The Cabinet currently
has 15 members, of which the Secretary of State is first in line; the other Cabinet secretaries follow in the order in which their
department (or the department of which their department is the successor) was created. Those heads of department who are
constitutionally ineligible to be elected to the presidency are also disqualified from assuming the powers and duties of the
presidency through succession. No statutory successor has yet been called upon to act as president.<sup id="cite_ref-106"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-106">&#91;103&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Political_affiliation">Political affiliation</span></h2>
<p>Throughout most of its history, <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">politics</a> of
the United States have been dominated by <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political parties</a>. Political
parties had not been anticipated when the U.S. Constitution was drafted in 1787, nor did they exist at the time of the first <a
href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1788%E2%80%931789" class="mw-redirect"
title="United States presidential election, 1788–1789">presidential election</a> in 1788–1789. Organized political parties
developed in the U.S. in the mid–1790s, but political factions, from which organized parties evolved, began to appear almost
immediately after the Federal government came into existence. Those who supported the <a
href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">Washington administration</a> were
referred to as "pro-administration" and would eventually form the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist
Party</a>, while those in opposition joined the emerging <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party"
title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican
Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">&#91;104&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<p>Greatly concerned about the very real capacity of political parties to destroy the fragile unity holding the nation together,
Washington remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his eight-year presidency. He was, and remains,
the only U.S. president never to be affiliated with a political party.<sup id="cite_ref-GWpps_108-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-GWpps-108">&#91;105&#93;</a></sup> Since George Washington, 43 persons have been sworn into the office of
president, and each has been affiliated with a political party at the time of assuming office. The number of presidents per
political party (at the time of entry into ofice) are:<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">&#91;106&#93;</a></sup><sup
id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">&#91;107&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<ul>
<li>19 with the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>: <a
href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"
title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W.
Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge"
title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin
Coolidge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James
A. Garfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison"
title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin
Harrison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"
title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, <a
href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon"
title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>,
<a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt"
title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>,
<a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump"
title="Donald Trump">Donald
Trump</a></li>
<li>14 with the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>: <a
href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy
Carter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton"
title="Bill Clinton">Bill
Clinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson"
title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B.
Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama"
title="Barack Obama">Barack
Obama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk"
title="James K. Polk">James K.
Polk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren"
title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a>,
and <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></li>
<li>Four with the <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a>:
<a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"
title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas
Jefferson</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe"
title="James Monroe">James
Monroe</a></li>
<li>Four with the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a>: <a
href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison"
title="William Henry Harrison">William
Henry Harrison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Tyler"
title="John Tyler">John
Tyler</a></li>
<li>One with the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Adams"
title="John Adams">John
Adams</a></li>
<li>One with the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union
Party</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a></li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Compensation">Compensation</span></h2>
<p>Since 2001, the president has earned a $400,000 annual salary, along with a $50,000 annual expense account, a $100,000 nontaxable
travel account, and $19,000 for entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-salary_details_111-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-salary_details-111">&#91;108&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-salaries_of_federal_officials_112-0"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-salaries_of_federal_officials-112">&#91;109&#93;</a></sup> The most recent raise in salary was approved
by Congress and President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> in 1999 and went into effect in 2001.<sup
id="cite_ref-salaries_of_federal_officials_112-1" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-salaries_of_federal_officials-112">&#91;109&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<table class="wikitable" style="">
<caption><b>Presidential pay history</b>
</caption>
<tbody>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<th>Date established</th>
<th>Salary</th>
<th>Salary in 2016<br/>dollars
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>September 24, 1789</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">$25,000</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">$702,755
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>March 3, 1873</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">$50,000</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">$1,032,868
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>March 4, 1909</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">$75,000</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">$2,045,483
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>January 19, 1949</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">$100,000</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">$1,008,433
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>January 20, 1969</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">$200,000</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">$1,307,940
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>January 20, 2001</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">$400,000</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">$542,082
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: normal; padding-top: 5px;">Sources:<sup
id="cite_ref-salary_history_113-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-salary_history-113">&#91;110&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dollar_calc_114-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-dollar_calc-114">&#91;111&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Inflation_Calculator_115-0"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-Inflation_Calculator-115">&#91;112&#93;</a></sup>
</th>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Residence">Residence</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a
href="/wiki/List_of_residences_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States"
title="List of residences of Presidents of the United States">List of residences of Presidents of the United States</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:White_House_lawn_(1).tif" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/White_House_lawn_%281%29.tif/lossy-page1-250px-White_House_lawn_%281%29.tif.jpg"
width="250"
height="145"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/White_House_lawn_%281%29.tif/lossy-page1-375px-White_House_lawn_%281%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/White_House_lawn_%281%29.tif/lossy-page1-500px-White_House_lawn_%281%29.tif.jpg 2x"
data-file-width="2433"
data-file-height="1416"/></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:White_House_lawn_(1).tif" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Lawn in front of the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington,
D.C.</a> serves as the official residence of the president. The site was selected by George Washington, and the cornerstone was
laid in 1792. Every president since John Adams (in 1800) has lived there. At various times in U.S. history, it has been known as
the "President's Palace," the "President’s House," and the "Executive Mansion." Theodore Roosevelt officially gave the White House
its current name in 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">&#91;113&#93;</a></sup> Facilities that
are available to the president include access to the White House staff, medical care, recreation, housekeeping, and security
services. The federal government pays for state dinners and other official functions, but the president pays for personal, family,
and guest dry cleaning and food.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">&#91;114&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Camp_David" title="Camp David">Camp David</a>, officially titled Naval Support Facility Thurmont, a mountain-based
military camp in <a href="/wiki/Frederick_County,_Maryland" title="Frederick County, Maryland">Frederick County, Maryland</a>, is
the president's country residence. A place of solitude and tranquility, the site has been used extensively to host foreign
dignitaries since the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">&#91;115&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Blair_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Blair House">Blair House</a>, located next to the <a
href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Executive_Office_Building" title="Eisenhower Executive Office Building">Eisenhower Executive Office
Building</a> at the White House Complex and <a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Park,_Washington,_D.C." class="mw-redirect"
title="Lafayette Park, Washington, D.C.">Lafayette Park</a>, serves as the
president's official guest house and as a secondary residence for the president if needed. Four interconnected, 19th century
houses—Blair House, Lee House, and 700 and 704 Jackson Place—with a combined floor space exceeding 70,000 square feet (6,500&#160;m<sup>2</sup>)
comprise the property.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">&#91;116&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Travel">Travel</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a
href="/wiki/Transportation_of_the_President_of_the_United_States"
title="Transportation of the President of the United States">Transportation of the President of the United States</a></div>
<p>The primary means of long distance air travel for the president is one of two identical <a href="/wiki/Boeing_VC-25"
title="Boeing VC-25">Boeing VC-25</a>
aircraft, which are extensively modified <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a> airliners and are referred
to as <i><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_One" title="Air Force One">Air Force One</a></i> while the president is on board (although any
U.S. Air Force aircraft the president is aboard is designated as "Air Force One" for the duration of the flight). In-country trips
are typically handled with just one of the two planes, while overseas trips are handled with both, one primary and one backup. The
president also has access to smaller Air Force aircraft, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-32" title="Boeing C-32">Boeing
C-32</a>, which are used when the president must travel to airports that cannot support a jumbo jet. Any civilian aircraft the
president is aboard is designated <a href="/wiki/Executive_One" title="Executive One">Executive One</a> for the flight.<sup
id="cite_ref-af1_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-af1-120">&#91;117&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-121">&#91;118&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<p>For short distance air travel, the president has access to a fleet of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"
title="United States Marine Corps">U.S. Marine Corps</a>
helicopters of varying models, designated <i><a href="/wiki/Marine_One" title="Marine One">Marine One</a></i> when the president
is aboard any particular one in the fleet. Flights are typically handled with as many as five helicopters all flying together and
frequently swapping positions as to disguise which helicopter the president is actually aboard to any would-be threats.
</p>
<p>For ground travel, the president uses the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_state_car_(United_States)"
title="Presidential state car (United States)">presidential state car</a>, which is an
armored <a href="/wiki/Limousine" title="Limousine">limousine</a> designed to look like a <a href="/wiki/Cadillac"
title="Cadillac">Cadillac</a> sedan,
but built on a truck <a href="/wiki/Chassis" title="Chassis">chassis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USSSPRL_122-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-USSSPRL-122">&#91;119&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CNN20090106_123-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-CNN20090106-123">&#91;120&#93;</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service"
title="United States Secret Service">US Secret
Service</a> operates and maintains the fleet of several limousines. The president also has access to <a
href="/wiki/Ground_Force_One" title="Ground Force One">two armored motorcoaches</a>, which are primarily used for <a
href="/wiki/Whistlestop_tour" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistlestop tour">touring trips</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-124"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-124">&#91;121&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align: center;">
<li class="gallerycaption">Presidential transportation</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 219.33333333333px">
<div style="width: 219.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 217.33333333333px;">
<div style="margin:0px auto;"><a
href="/wiki/File:GPA02-09_US_SecretService_press_release_2009_Limousine_Page_3_Image.jpg" class="image"><img
alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/GPA02-09_US_SecretService_press_release_2009_Limousine_Page_3_Image.jpg/326px-GPA02-09_US_SecretService_press_release_2009_Limousine_Page_3_Image.jpg"
width="218" height="150"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/GPA02-09_US_SecretService_press_release_2009_Limousine_Page_3_Image.jpg/490px-GPA02-09_US_SecretService_press_release_2009_Limousine_Page_3_Image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/GPA02-09_US_SecretService_press_release_2009_Limousine_Page_3_Image.jpg/653px-GPA02-09_US_SecretService_press_release_2009_Limousine_Page_3_Image.jpg 2x"
data-file-width="1264" data-file-height="872"/></a></div>
</div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p><a href="/wiki/Presidential_state_car_(United_States)" title="Presidential state car (United States)">The
presidential limousine</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px">
<div style="width: 188.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;">
<div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_Force_One_over_Mt._Rushmore.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Air_Force_One_over_Mt._Rushmore.jpg/280px-Air_Force_One_over_Mt._Rushmore.jpg"
width="187"
height="150"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Air_Force_One_over_Mt._Rushmore.jpg/420px-Air_Force_One_over_Mt._Rushmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Air_Force_One_over_Mt._Rushmore.jpg/560px-Air_Force_One_over_Mt._Rushmore.jpg 2x"
data-file-width="1900"
data-file-height="1528"/></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>The presidential plane, called <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_One" title="Air Force One">Air Force One</a> when the
president is inside.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 231.33333333333px">
<div style="width: 231.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 229.33333333333px;">
<div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:HMX-1_Mrine_One_VH-3.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/HMX-1_Mrine_One_VH-3.jpg/344px-HMX-1_Mrine_One_VH-3.jpg"
width="230"
height="150"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/HMX-1_Mrine_One_VH-3.jpg/517px-HMX-1_Mrine_One_VH-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/HMX-1_Mrine_One_VH-3.jpg/688px-HMX-1_Mrine_One_VH-3.jpg 2x"
data-file-width="799"
data-file-height="523"/></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p><a href="/wiki/Marine_One" title="Marine One">Marine One</a> helicopter, when the president is aboard
</p>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Protection">Protection</span></h2>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">U.S. Secret Service</a> is charged with
protecting the president and the <a href="/wiki/First_Family_of_the_United_States" title="First Family of the United States">first
family</a>. As part of their protection, presidents, <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States"
title="First Lady of the United States">first ladies</a>, their
children and other immediate family members, and other prominent persons and locations are assigned <a
href="/wiki/Secret_Service_codename" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Service codename">Secret Service codenames</a>.<sup
id="cite_ref-junior_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-junior-125">&#91;122&#93;</a></sup> The use of such names
was originally for security purposes and dates to a time when sensitive electronic communications were not routinely <a
href="/wiki/Encrypted" class="mw-redirect" title="Encrypted">encrypted</a>; today, the names simply serve for purposes of
brevity, clarity, and tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-cbs-codenames_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbs-codenames-126">&#91;123&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Post-presidency">Post-presidency</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg/250px-Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg"
width="250"
height="179"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg/375px-Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg/500px-Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg 2x"
data-file-width="514"
data-file-height="369"/></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Five presidents: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush"
title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter"
title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>. Photo
taken in the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a> on January 7, 2009.
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Former_Presidents_Act" title="Former Presidents Act">Former Presidents Act</a>, all living former
presidents are granted a pension, an office, and a staff. The pension has increased numerous times with Congressional approval.
Retired presidents now receive a pension based on the salary of the current administration's cabinet secretaries, which was
$199,700 each year in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127">&#91;124&#93;</a></sup> Former
presidents who served in Congress may also collect <a href="/wiki/Congressional_pension" title="Congressional pension">congressional
pensions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128">&#91;125&#93;</a></sup> The act also provides
former presidents with travel funds and <a href="/wiki/Franking" title="Franking">franking</a> privileges. Prior to 1997, all
former presidents, their spouses, and their children until age 16 were protected by the Secret Service until the president's
death.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">&#91;126&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-130">&#91;127&#93;</a></sup> In 1997, Congress passed legislation limiting secret service protection to
no more than 10 years from the date a president leaves office.<sup id="cite_ref-secretservice.gov_131-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-secretservice.gov-131">&#91;128&#93;</a></sup> On January 10, 2013, President Obama signed legislation
reinstating lifetime secret service protection for him, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>,
and all subsequent presidents.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132">&#91;129&#93;</a></sup> A spouse
who remarries is no longer eligible for secret service protection.<sup id="cite_ref-secretservice.gov_131-1" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-secretservice.gov-131">&#91;128&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<p>Some presidents have had significant careers after leaving office. Prominent examples include <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft"
title="William Howard Taft">William
Howard Taft</a>'s tenure as <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief
Justice of the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>'s work on government
reorganization after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland"
title="Grover Cleveland">Grover
Cleveland</a>, whose bid for reelection failed in 1888, was elected president again four years later in 1892. Two former
presidents served in Congress after leaving the White House: <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John
Quincy Adams</a> was elected to the House of Representatives, serving there for seventeen years, and <a
href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> returned to the Senate in 1875. <a
href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> served in the provisional <a
href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederate_States" title="Congress of the Confederate States">Congress of the Confederate
States</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> and was elected to the
Confederate House of Representatives, but died before that body first met.
</p>
<p>Presidents may use their predecessors as emissaries to deliver private messages to other nations or as official representatives of
the United States to state funerals and other important foreign events.<sup id="cite_ref-apreaction19810331_133-0"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-apreaction19810331-133">&#91;130&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4presidentsphotos_134-0"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-4presidentsphotos-134">&#91;131&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard
Nixon</a> made multiple foreign trips to countries including China and Russia and was lauded as an elder statesman.<sup
id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135">&#91;132&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter"
title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy
Carter</a> has become a global <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> campaigner, international
arbiter, and election monitor, as well as a recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel
Peace Prize</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> has also worked as an informal ambassador,
most recently in the negotiations that led to the release of two American <a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">journalists</a>,
<a href="/wiki/Laura_Ling" title="Laura Ling">Laura Ling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euna_Lee" title="Euna Lee">Euna Lee</a>, from <a
href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>. Clinton has also been active politically since his
presidential term ended, working with his wife <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary</a> on her <a
href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_presidential_campaign,_2008" title="Hillary Clinton presidential campaign, 2008">2008</a> and
<a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_presidential_campaign,_2016" title="Hillary Clinton presidential campaign, 2016">2016</a>
presidential bids and President Obama on his <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_presidential_campaign,_2012"
title="Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2012">2012 reelection campaign</a>.
</p>
<div style="display:table;background:transparent;margin-top:0.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto">
<div style="display:table-row">
<div style="display:table-cell;text-align:center;font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Living_Presidents_of_the_United_States"
class="mw-redirect"
title="Living Presidents of the United States">The five
living former presidents</a></div>
</div>
<div style="display:table-row">
<div style="display:table-cell">
<div style="display:table;width:180px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px">
<div style="display:table-row">
<div style="display:table-cell;height:190px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center">
<div class="center">
<div class="floatnone"><a href="/wiki/File:Carter_2k14.tif" class="image"
title="Jimmy Carter (age 93)since 1981"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Carter_2k14.tif/lossy-page1-118px-Carter_2k14.tif.jpg"
width="118" height="170"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Carter_2k14.tif/lossy-page1-177px-Carter_2k14.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Carter_2k14.tif/lossy-page1-235px-Carter_2k14.tif.jpg 2x"
data-file-width="1227"
data-file-height="1771"/></a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="display:table-row;vertical-align:top">
<div style="display:block;font-size:94%;padding:0px">
<div class="gallerytext"
style="min-height:3.1em;width:167px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px">
<a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (age <span class="currentage"></span>93)<br/>since
<a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="First inauguration of Ronald Reagan">1981</a>&#160;
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="display:table;width:180px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px">
<div style="display:table-row">
<div style="display:table-cell;height:190px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center">
<div class="center">
<div class="floatnone"><a
href="/wiki/File:Former_President_of_the_United_States_George_H._W._Bush,_in_2010.tiff"
class="image" title="George H. W. Bush (age 94)since 1993"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Former_President_of_the_United_States_George_H._W._Bush%2C_in_2010.tiff/lossy-page1-118px-Former_President_of_the_United_States_George_H._W._Bush%2C_in_2010.tiff.jpg"
width="118" height="170"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Former_President_of_the_United_States_George_H._W._Bush%2C_in_2010.tiff/lossy-page1-177px-Former_President_of_the_United_States_George_H._W._Bush%2C_in_2010.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Former_President_of_the_United_States_George_H._W._Bush%2C_in_2010.tiff/lossy-page1-235px-Former_President_of_the_United_States_George_H._W._Bush%2C_in_2010.tiff.jpg 2x"
data-file-width="1227"
data-file-height="1771"/></a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="display:table-row;vertical-align:top">
<div style="display:block;font-size:94%;padding:0px">
<div class="gallerytext"
style="min-height:3.1em;width:167px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px">
<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (age <span
class="currentage"></span>94)<br/>since <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Bill_Clinton"
title="First inauguration of Bill Clinton">1993</a>&#160;
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="display:table;width:180px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px">
<div style="display:table-row">
<div style="display:table-cell;height:190px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center">
<div class="center">
<div class="floatnone"><a href="/wiki/File:Clinton_2k15.tif" class="image"
title="Bill Clinton (age 71)since 2001"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Clinton_2k15.tif/lossy-page1-118px-Clinton_2k15.tif.jpg"
width="118" height="170"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Clinton_2k15.tif/lossy-page1-177px-Clinton_2k15.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Clinton_2k15.tif/lossy-page1-235px-Clinton_2k15.tif.jpg 2x"
data-file-width="1227"
data-file-height="1771"/></a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="display:table-row;vertical-align:top">
<div style="display:block;font-size:94%;padding:0px">
<div class="gallerytext"
style="min-height:3.1em;width:167px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px">
<a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (age <span class="currentage"></span>71)<br/>since
<a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="First inauguration of George W. Bush">2001</a>&#160;
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="display:table;width:180px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px">
<div style="display:table-row">
<div style="display:table-cell;height:190px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center">
<div class="center">
<div class="floatnone"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_2k14.tif" class="image"
title="George W. Bush (age 72)since 2009"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bush_2k14.tif/lossy-page1-118px-Bush_2k14.tif.jpg"
width="118" height="170"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bush_2k14.tif/lossy-page1-177px-Bush_2k14.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bush_2k14.tif/lossy-page1-235px-Bush_2k14.tif.jpg 2x"
data-file-width="1227"
data-file-height="1771"/></a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="display:table-row;vertical-align:top">
<div style="display:block;font-size:94%;padding:0px">
<div class="gallerytext"
style="min-height:3.1em;width:167px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px">
<a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (age <span
class="currentage"></span>72)<br/>since <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama"
title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">2009</a>&#160;
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="display:table;width:180px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px">
<div style="display:table-row">
<div style="display:table-cell;height:190px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center">
<div class="center">
<div class="floatnone"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_in_2016.jpg" class="image"
title="Barack Obama (age 57)since 2017"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Barack_Obama_in_2016.jpg/123px-Barack_Obama_in_2016.jpg"
width="123" height="170"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Barack_Obama_in_2016.jpg/185px-Barack_Obama_in_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Barack_Obama_in_2016.jpg/247px-Barack_Obama_in_2016.jpg 2x"
data-file-width="496"
data-file-height="683"/></a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="display:table-row;vertical-align:top">
<div style="display:block;font-size:94%;padding:0px">
<div class="gallerytext"
style="min-height:3.1em;width:167px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px">
<a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (age <span class="currentage"></span>57)<br/>since
<a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="Inauguration of Donald Trump">2017</a>&#160;
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Presidential_libraries">Presidential libraries</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidential_library"
title="Presidential library">Presidential library</a>
</div>
<div class="floatleft"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_US_Presidential_Libraries.svg" class="image"><img
alt="Seal of the US Presidential Libraries.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Seal_of_the_US_Presidential_Libraries.svg/125px-Seal_of_the_US_Presidential_Libraries.svg.png"
width="125" height="125"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Seal_of_the_US_Presidential_Libraries.svg/188px-Seal_of_the_US_Presidential_Libraries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Seal_of_the_US_Presidential_Libraries.svg/250px-Seal_of_the_US_Presidential_Libraries.svg.png 2x"
data-file-width="144" data-file-height="144"/></a></div>
<p>Every president since <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> has created a <a
href="/wiki/Institutional_repository" title="Institutional repository">repository</a> known as a <a
href="/wiki/Presidential_library" title="Presidential library">presidential library</a> for preserving and making available
his papers, records, and other documents and materials. Completed libraries are deeded to and maintained by the <a
href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National
Archives and Records Administration</a> (NARA); the initial funding for building and equipping each library must come from
private, non-federal sources.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136">&#91;133&#93;</a></sup> There are
currently thirteen presidential libraries in the NARA system. There are also presidential libraries maintained by state
governments and private foundations and Universities of Higher Education, such as the <a
href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum">Abraham
Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum</a>, which is run by the State of <a href="/wiki/Illinois"
title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, the <a
href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center" title="George W. Bush Presidential Center">George W. Bush Presidential
library and Museum</a>, which is run by <a href="/wiki/Southern_Methodist_University" title="Southern Methodist University">Southern
Methodist University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/George_Bush_Presidential_Library" title="George Bush Presidential Library">George
H. W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum</a>, which is run by <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University"
title="Texas A&amp;M University">Texas A&amp;M
University</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Library_and_Museum"
title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum">Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library and
Museum</a>, which is run by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University
of Texas at Austin</a>.
</p>
<p>A number of presidents have lived for many years after leaving office, and several of them have personally overseen the building
and opening of their own presidential libraries. Some have even made arrangements for their own burial at the site. Several
presidential libraries contain the graves of the president they document, including the <a
href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower_Presidential_Library,_Museum_and_Boyhood_Home"
title="Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home">Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library,
Museum and Boyhood Home</a> in <a href="/wiki/Abilene,_Kansas" title="Abilene, Kansas">Abilene, Kansas</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum">Richard
Nixon Presidential Library and Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yorba_Linda,_California" title="Yorba Linda, California">Yorba
Linda, California</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Presidential_Library" title="Ronald Reagan Presidential Library">Ronald
Reagan Presidential Library</a> in <a href="/wiki/Simi_Valley,_California" title="Simi Valley, California">Simi Valley,
California</a>. These gravesites are open to the general public.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Timeline_of_presidents">Timeline of presidents</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a
href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#Presidents" title="List of Presidents of the United States">List of
Presidents of the United States §&#160;Presidents</a></div>
<div class="timeline-wrapper">
<map name="timeline_1e12b8129f0a96e32860ea57816d3fdc">
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" coords="70,1423,188,1447" title="Donald Trump" alt="Donald Trump"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" coords="70,1396,188,1420" title="Barack Obama" alt="Barack Obama"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" coords="70,1346,201,1370" title="George W. Bush" alt="George W. Bush"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" coords="70,1296,188,1320" title="Bill Clinton" alt="Bill Clinton"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" coords="70,1259,221,1283" title="George H. W. Bush"
alt="George H. W. Bush"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" coords="70,1222,195,1246" title="Ronald Reagan" alt="Ronald Reagan"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" coords="70,1185,188,1209" title="Jimmy Carter" alt="Jimmy Carter"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" coords="70,1163,181,1187" title="Gerald Ford" alt="Gerald Ford"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" coords="70,1139,195,1163" title="Richard Nixon" alt="Richard Nixon"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" coords="70,1105,221,1129" title="Lyndon B. Johnson"
alt="Lyndon B. Johnson"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" coords="70,1080,208,1104" title="John F. Kennedy" alt="John F. Kennedy"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" coords="70,1049,241,1073" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower"
alt="Dwight D. Eisenhower"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" coords="70,999,208,1023" title="Harry S. Truman" alt="Harry S. Truman"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" coords="70,937,248,961" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt"
alt="Franklin D. Roosevelt"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" coords="70,888,201,912" title="Herbert Hoover" alt="Herbert Hoover"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" coords="70,857,208,881" title="Calvin Coolidge" alt="Calvin Coolidge"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" coords="70,832,221,856" title="Warren G. Harding" alt="Warren G. Harding"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" coords="70,801,201,825" title="Woodrow Wilson" alt="Woodrow Wilson"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" coords="70,764,235,788" title="William Howard Taft"
alt="William Howard Taft"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" coords="70,727,228,751" title="Theodore Roosevelt"
alt="Theodore Roosevelt"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/William_McKinley" coords="70,690,215,714" title="William McKinley" alt="William McKinley"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" coords="70,665,215,689" title="Grover Cleveland" alt="Grover Cleveland"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" coords="70,640,221,664" title="Benjamin Harrison" alt="Benjamin Harrison"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" coords="70,615,215,639" title="Grover Cleveland" alt="Grover Cleveland"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" coords="70,594,221,618" title="Chester A. Arthur" alt="Chester A. Arthur"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" coords="70,578,221,602" title="James A. Garfield" alt="James A. Garfield"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" coords="70,561,235,585" title="Rutherford B. Hayes"
alt="Rutherford B. Hayes"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" coords="70,529,215,553" title="Ulysses S. Grant" alt="Ulysses S. Grant"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" coords="70,492,201,516" title="Andrew Johnson" alt="Andrew Johnson"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" coords="70,467,208,491" title="Abraham Lincoln" alt="Abraham Lincoln"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" coords="70,442,201,466" title="James Buchanan" alt="James Buchanan"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" coords="70,417,208,441" title="Franklin Pierce" alt="Franklin Pierce"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" coords="70,400,215,424" title="Millard Fillmore" alt="Millard Fillmore"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" coords="70,384,201,408" title="Zachary Taylor" alt="Zachary Taylor"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" coords="70,368,195,392" title="James K. Polk" alt="James K. Polk"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/John_Tyler" coords="70,348,175,372" title="John Tyler" alt="John Tyler"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" coords="70,331,255,355" title="William Henry Harrison"
alt="William Henry Harrison"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" coords="70,313,215,337" title="Martin Van Buren" alt="Martin Van Buren"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" coords="70,281,201,305" title="Andrew Jackson" alt="Andrew Jackson"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" coords="70,244,221,268" title="John Quincy Adams" alt="John Quincy Adams"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/James_Monroe" coords="70,207,188,231" title="James Monroe" alt="James Monroe"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/James_Madison" coords="70,157,195,181" title="James Madison" alt="James Madison"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" coords="70,108,215,132" title="Thomas Jefferson" alt="Thomas Jefferson"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/John_Adams" coords="70,71,175,95" title="John Adams" alt="John Adams"/>
<area shape="rect" href="/wiki/George_Washington" coords="70,34,221,58" title="George Washington" alt="George Washington"/>
</map>
<img usemap="#timeline_1e12b8129f0a96e32860ea57816d3fdc"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/1e12b8129f0a96e32860ea57816d3fdc.png"/></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright"
style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px">
<ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold">
<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img
alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/28px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png"
width="28" height="28" class="noviewer"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/42px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/56px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 2x"
data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span><span
style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a
href="/wiki/Portal:Government_of_the_United_States" title="Portal:Government of the United States">Government of the United States portal</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Curse_of_Tippecanoe" title="Curse of Tippecanoe">Curse of Tippecanoe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_trips" title="List of United States presidential trips">List of United
States presidential trips</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mr._President_(title)" title="Mr. President (title)">Mr. President (title)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="President of the Continental Congress">President of the
Continental Congress</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_$1_Coin_Program" title="Presidential $1 Coin Program">Presidential $1 Coin Program</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_M%26M%27s" title="Presidential M&amp;M&#39;s">Presidential M&amp;M's</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Second-term_curse" title="Second-term curse">Second-term curse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Office" title="White House Office">White House Office</a></li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text">Donald Trump has announced he will take a salary of only 1 dollar per annum.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text">The informal term POTUS originated in the <a href="/wiki/Phillips_Code"
title="Phillips Code">Phillips Code</a>, a shorthand method created in 1879 by <a
href="/wiki/Walter_P._Phillips" title="Walter P. Phillips">Walter P. Phillips</a> for the rapid transmission of press reports by telegraph.<sup
id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">&#91;11&#93;</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text">The nine vice presidents who succeeded to the presidency upon their predecessor's death or resignation and finished-out that unexpired term are <a
href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (1841); <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore"
title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (1850); <a
href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (1865); <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur"
title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (1881); <a
href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (1901); <a
href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (1923); <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman"
title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945); <a
href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1963); and <a
href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (1974).</span>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D06E3D9143AE533A25751C0A96E9C94609ED7CF">"How To Address The President; He Is Not Your Excellency Or Your Honor, But Mr. President"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. August 2, 1891.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=How+To+Address+The+President%3B+He+Is+Not+Your+Excellency+Or+Your+Honor%2C+But+Mr.+President&amp;rft.date=1891-08-02&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9D06E3D9143AE533A25751C0A96E9C94609ED7CF&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.usgs.gov/usgs-manual/handbook/hb/431-2-h/chap4.html">"USGS Correspondence Handbook – Chapter 4"</a>. Usgs.gov. July 18, 2007<span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=USGS+Correspondence+Handbook+%E2%80%93+Chapter+4&amp;rft.pub=Usgs.gov&amp;rft.date=2007-07-18&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usgs.gov%2Fusgs-manual%2Fhandbook%2Fhb%2F431-2-h%2Fchap4.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.ita.doc.gov/ita_sec/Address%20and%20Salutation.htm">"Models of Address and Salutation"</a>. Ita.doc.gov<span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Models+of+Address+and+Salutation&amp;rft.pub=Ita.doc.gov&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ita.doc.gov%2Fita_sec%2FAddress%2520and%2520Salutation.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.webcitation.org/6CDCJ728N?url=http://www.un.int/protocol/documents/Hspmfm.pdf">Heads of State, Heads of Government, Ministers for Foreign Affairs</a>, Protocol and Liaison Service, <a
href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. Retrieved November 1, 2012.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">The White House Office of the Press Secretary (September 1, 2010). <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2010/09/01/remarks-president-obama-president-mubarak-his-majesty-king-abdullah-prim">"Remarks by President Obama, President Mubarak, His Majesty King Abdullah, Prime Minister Netanyahu and President Abbas Before Working Dinner"</a>. obamawhitehouse.archives.gov<span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Remarks+by+President+Obama%2C+President+Mubarak%2C+His+Majesty+King+Abdullah%2C+Prime+Minister+Netanyahu+and+President+Abbas+Before+Working+Dinner&amp;rft.pub=obamawhitehouse.archives.gov&amp;rft.date=2010-09-01&amp;rft.au=The+White+House+Office+of+the+Press+Secretary&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fthe-press-office%2F2010%2F09%2F01%2Fremarks-president-obama-president-mubarak-his-majesty-king-abdullah-prim&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.jimmycarterlibrary.org/documents/campdavid/letters/">"Exchanges of Letters"</a>. Jimmy Carter Library. September 1978<span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Exchanges+of+Letters&amp;rft.pub=Jimmy+Carter+Library&amp;rft.date=1978-09&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jimmycarterlibrary.org%2Fdocuments%2Fcampdavid%2Fletters%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Maier" title="Pauline Maier">Maier, Pauline</a> (2010). <i>Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787–1788</i>. New York, New York: Simon &amp; Schuster. p.&#160;433. <a
href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a
href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86854-7"
title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86854-7">978-0-684-86854-7</a>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Ratification%3A+The+People+Debate+the+Constitution%2C+1787%E2%80%931788&amp;rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&amp;rft.pages=433&amp;rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-684-86854-7&amp;rft.aulast=Maier&amp;rft.aufirst=Pauline&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/march-4-a-forgotten-huge-day-in-american-politics/">"March 4: A forgotten huge day in American history"</a>. Philadelphia: <a
href="/wiki/National_Constitution_Center" title="National Constitution Center">National Constitution Center</a>. March 4, 2013<span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=March+4%3A+A+forgotten+huge+day+in+American+history&amp;rft.place=Philadelphia&amp;rft.pub=National+Constitution+Center&amp;rft.date=2013-03-04&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconstitutioncenter.org%2Fblog%2Fmarch-4-a-forgotten-huge-day-in-american-politics%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/presidential-election-of-1789/">"Presidential Election of 1789"</a>. <i>Digital Encyclopedia</i>. Mount Vernon, Virginia: Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, George Washington's Mount Vernon<span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Digital+Encyclopedia&amp;rft.atitle=Presidential+Election+of+1789&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mountvernon.org%2Flibrary%2Fdigitalhistory%2Fdigital-encyclopedia%2Farticle%2Fpresidential-election-of-1789%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2016-37977433">"How common is Trump's $1 salary?"</a>. BBC World Service. November 14, 2016<span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=How+common+is+Trump%27s+%241+salary%3F&amp;rft.date=2016-11-14&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Felection-us-2016-37977433&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Safire, William (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=q6ARDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA564"><i>Safire's Political Dictionary</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p.&#160;564. <a
href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a
href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195340617" title="Special:BookSources/9780195340617">9780195340617</a>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Safire%27s+Political+Dictionary&amp;rft.pages=564&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=9780195340617&amp;rft.aulast=Safire&amp;rft.aufirst=William&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq6ARDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA564&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Von Drehle, David (February 2, 2017). <a rel="nofollow"
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href="http://time.com/4657665/steve-bannon-donald-trump/">"Is Steve Bannon the Second Most Powerful Man in the World?"</a>. <i><a
href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Time&amp;rft.atitle=Is+Steve+Bannon+the+Second+Most+Powerful+Man+in+the+World%3F&amp;rft.date=2017-02-02&amp;rft.aulast=Von+Drehle&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F4657665%2Fsteve-bannon-donald-trump%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/jan/03/uselections2008.world">"Who should be the world's most powerful person?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. January 3, 2008.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=Who+should+be+the+world%27s+most+powerful+person%3F&amp;rft.date=2008-01-03&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2008%2Fjan%2F03%2Fuselections2008.world&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Meacham, Jon (December 20, 2008). <a rel="nofollow"
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href="http://www.newsweek.com/2008/12/19/the-story-of-power.html">"Meacham: The History of Power"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i><span
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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Newsweek&amp;rft.atitle=Meacham%3A+The+History+of+Power&amp;rft.date=2008-12-20&amp;rft.aulast=Meacham&amp;rft.aufirst=Jon&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2F2008%2F12%2F19%2Fthe-story-of-power.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Zakaria, Fareed (December 20, 2008). <a rel="nofollow"
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href="http://www.newsweek.com/2008/12/19/1-barack-obama.html">"The NEWSWEEK 50: Barack Obama"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i><span
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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Newsweek&amp;rft.atitle=The+NEWSWEEK+50%3A+Barack+Obama&amp;rft.date=2008-12-20&amp;rft.aulast=Zakaria&amp;rft.aufirst=Fareed&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2F2008%2F12%2F19%2F1-barack-obama.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_transcript.html">"Transcript of the Constitution of the United States&#160;– Official"</a>. Archives.gov<span
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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Transcript+of+the+Constitution+of+the+United+States+%E2%80%93+Official&amp;rft.pub=Archives.gov&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fexhibits%2Fcharters%2Fconstitution_transcript.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Pfiffner, J. P. (1988). "The President's Legislative Agenda". <i>Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i>. <b>499</b>: 22–35. <a
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href="//doi.org/10.1177/0002716288499001002">10.1177/0002716288499001002</a>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&amp;rft.atitle=The+President%27s+Legislative+Agenda&amp;rft.volume=499&amp;rft.pages=22-35&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0002716288499001002&amp;rft.aulast=Pfiffner&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+P.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3038511">The Influence of State Politics in Expanding Federal Power,' Henry Jones Ford, Proceedings of the American Political Science Association, Vol. 5, Fifth Annual Meeting (1908)</a>. Retrieved March 17, 2010.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/1600/executive-branch">"Executive Branch"</a>. obamawhitehouse.archives.gov.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Executive+Branch&amp;rft.pub=obamawhitehouse.archives.gov&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2F1600%2Fexecutive-branch&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>, The White House.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"> name="the presidency"&gt;<cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow"
class="external text"
href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/1600/executive-branch">"Executive Branch"</a>. obamawhitehouse.archives.gov.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Executive+Branch&amp;rft.pub=obamawhitehouse.archives.gov&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2F1600%2Fexecutive-branch&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/grover-cleveland-24/">"Grover Cleveland - 24"</a>. White House.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Grover+Cleveland+-+24&amp;rft.pub=White+House&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fabout-the-white-house%2Fpresidents%2Fgrover-cleveland-24%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Milkis-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-Milkis_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a
href="#cite_ref-Milkis_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a
href="#cite_ref-Milkis_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a
href="#cite_ref-Milkis_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a
href="#cite_ref-Milkis_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a
href="#cite_ref-Milkis_25-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a
href="#cite_ref-Milkis_25-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite
class="citation book">Milkis, Sidney M.; Nelson, Michael (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KkUvAAAAYAAJ"><i>The American Presidency: Origins and Development</i></a> (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. pp.&#160;1–25. <a
href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a
href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87289-336-8"
title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87289-336-8">978-0-87289-336-8</a>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+American+Presidency%3A+Origins+and+Development&amp;rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&amp;rft.pages=1-25&amp;rft.edition=5th&amp;rft.pub=CQ+Press&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-87289-336-8&amp;rft.aulast=Milkis&amp;rft.aufirst=Sidney+M.&amp;rft.au=Nelson%2C+Michael&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKkUvAAAAYAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Kelly-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kelly_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a
href="#cite_ref-Kelly_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a
href="#cite_ref-Kelly_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite
class="citation book">Kelly, Alfred H.; Harbison, Winfred A.; Belz, Herman (1991). <i>The American Constitution: Its Origins and Development</i>. <b>I</b> (7th ed.). New York: W.W. Norton &amp; Co. pp.&#160;76–81. <a
href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a
href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-96056-3"
title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-96056-3">978-0-393-96056-3</a>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+American+Constitution%3A+Its+Origins+and+Development&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pages=76-81&amp;rft.edition=7th&amp;rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co.&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-393-96056-3&amp;rft.aulast=Kelly&amp;rft.aufirst=Alfred+H.&amp;rft.au=Harbison%2C+Winfred+A.&amp;rft.au=Belz%2C+Herman&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Beeman-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beeman_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Beeman, Richard (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yz_68SNGKuMC"><i>Plain, Honest Men: The Making of the American Constitution</i></a>. New York: Random House. <a
href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a
href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-7684-7"
title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-7684-7">978-0-8129-7684-7</a>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Plain%2C+Honest+Men%3A+The+Making+of+the+American+Constitution&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Random+House&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8129-7684-7&amp;rft.aulast=Beeman&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYz_68SNGKuMC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ucp-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ucp_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513070316/http://www.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=14398">"DOD Releases Unified Command Plan 2011"</a>. <i><a
href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a></i>. April 8, 2011. Archived from <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=14398">the original</a> on May 13, 2011<span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+Defense&amp;rft.atitle=DOD+Releases+Unified+Command+Plan+2011&amp;rft.date=2011-04-08&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense.gov%2Freleases%2Frelease.aspx%3Freleaseid%3D14398&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Title_10_of_the_United_States_Code"
title="Title 10 of the United States Code">10 U.S.C.</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow"
class="external text"
href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/164">§&#160;164</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff"
title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>. <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090416022040/http://www.jcs.mil/page.aspx?id=2">About the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>. Retrieved February 25, 2013.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton, Alexander</a>. <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.org/fed/federa69.htm"><i>The Federalist</i> #69</a> (reposting). Retrieved June 15, 2007.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-miller-center-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-miller-center_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Christopher, James A.; Baker, III (July 8, 2008). <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101126165009/http://millercenter.org/policy/commissions/warpowers/report">"The National War Powers Commission Report"</a>. The Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia. Archived from <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/policy/commissions/warpowers/report">the original</a> <span
style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> on November 26, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2010</span>. <q>No clear mechanism or requirement exists today for the president and Congress to consult. The War Powers Resolution of 1973 contains only vague consultation requirements. Instead, it relies on reporting requirements that, if triggered, begin the clock running for Congress to approve the particular armed conflict. By the terms of the 1973 Resolution, however, Congress need not act to disapprove the conflict; the cessation of all hostilities is required in 60 to 90 days merely if Congress fails to act. Many have criticized this aspect of the Resolution as unwise and unconstitutional, and no president in the past 35 years has filed a report "pursuant" to these triggering provisions.</q></cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+National+War+Powers+Commission+Report&amp;rft.pub=The+Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs+at+the+University+of+Virginia&amp;rft.date=2008-07-08&amp;rft.aulast=Christopher&amp;rft.aufirst=James+A.&amp;rft.au=Baker%2C+III&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpolicy%2Fcommissions%2Fwarpowers%2Freport&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-tws12novef-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tws12novef_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a
href="#cite_ref-tws12novef_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a
href="#cite_ref-tws12novef_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a
href="#cite_ref-tws12novef_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite
class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878290,00.html">"The Law: The President's War Powers"</a>. <i>Time</i>. June 1, 1970<span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Time&amp;rft.atitle=The+Law%3A+The+President%27s+War+Powers&amp;rft.date=1970-06-01&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C878290%2C00.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-tws8nov102-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws8nov102_34-0">^</a></b></span>
<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Mitchell, Alison (May 2, 1999). <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text"
href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/02/weekinreview/the-world-only-congress-can-declare-war-really-it-s-true.html">"The World; Only Congress Can Declare War. Really. It's True"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2009</span>. <q>Presidents have sent forces abroad more than 100 times; Congress has declared war only five times: the War of 1812, the Mexican War, the Spanish–American War, World War I and World War II.</q></cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=The+World%3B+Only+Congress+Can+Declare+War.+Really.+It%27s+True&amp;rft.date=1999-05-02&amp;rft.aulast=Mitchell&amp;rft.aufirst=Alison&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F05%2F02%2Fweekinreview%2Fthe-world-only-congress-can-declare-war-really-it-s-true.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-tws8nov101-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws8nov101_35-0">^</a></b></span>
<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Mitchell, Alison (May 2, 1999). <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text"
href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/02/weekinreview/the-world-only-congress-can-declare-war-really-it-s-true.html">"The World; Only Congress Can Declare War. Really. It's True"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2009</span>. <q>President Reagan told Congress of the invasion of Grenada two hours after he had ordered the landing. He told Congressional leaders of the bombing of Libya while the aircraft were on their way.</q></cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=The+World%3B+Only+Congress+Can+Declare+War.+Really.+It%27s+True&amp;rft.date=1999-05-02&amp;rft.aulast=Mitchell&amp;rft.aufirst=Alison&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F05%2F02%2Fweekinreview%2Fthe-world-only-congress-can-declare-war-really-it-s-true.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-tws8nov100-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws8nov100_36-0">^</a></b></span>
<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Gordon, Michael R. (December 20, 1990). <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text"
href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1220.html#article">"U.S. troops move in panama in effort to seize noriega; gunfire is heard in capital"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2009</span>. <q>It was not clear whether the White House consulted with Congressional leaders about the military action, or notified them in advance. Thomas S. Foley, the Speaker of the House, said on Tuesday night that he had not been alerted by the Administration.</q></cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=U.S.+troops+move+in+panama+in+effort+to+seize+noriega%3B+gunfire+is+heard+in+capital&amp;rft.date=1990-12-20&amp;rft.aulast=Gordon&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael+R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbig%2F1220.html%23article&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articleii#section3">"Article II, Section 3, U.S. Constitution"</a>. <i>law.cornell.edu</i>. Legal Information Institute. 2012<span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=law.cornell.edu&amp;rft.atitle=Article+II%2C+Section+3%2C+U.S.+Constitution&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fconstitution%2Farticleii%23section3&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/1600/executive-branch">"The Executive Branch"</a>. <i><a
href="/wiki/The_White_House" class="mw-redirect" title="The White House">The White House</a> website</i>. obamawhitehouse.archives.gov<span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+White+House+website&amp;rft.atitle=The+Executive+Branch&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2F1600%2Fexecutive-branch&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board_v._Noel_Canning" class="mw-redirect"
title="National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning">National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning</a></i>, 572 U.S. __ (2014).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><i>Shurtleff v. United States</i>, <a
href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_189"
title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 189">189</a>&#32;<a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports"
title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/189/311/">311</a>&#32;(1903); <i><a
href="/wiki/Myers_v._United_States" title="Myers v. United States">Myers v. United States</a></i>, <a
href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_272"
title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 272">272</a>&#32;<a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports"
title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/272/52/">52</a>&#32;(1926).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Humphrey%27s_Executor_v._United_States"
title="Humphrey&#39;s Executor v. United States">Humphrey's Executor v. United States</a></i>, <a
href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_295"
title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 295">295</a>&#32;<a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports"
title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/295/602/">602</a>&#32;(1935) and <i><a
href="/wiki/Morrison_v._Olson" title="Morrison v. Olson">Morrison v. Olson</a></i>, <a
href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_487"
title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 487">487</a>&#32;<a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports"
title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/487/654/">654</a>&#32;(1988), respectively.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Gaziano, Todd (February 21, 2001). <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text"
href="https://www.heritage.org/the-constitution/report/executive-summary-the-use-and-abuse-executive-orders-and-other-presidential">"Executive Summary: The Use and Abuse of Executive Orders and Other Presidential Directives"</a>. Washington, D.C.: The Heritage Foundation<span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Executive+Summary%3A+The+Use+and+Abuse+of+Executive+Orders+and+Other+Presidential+Directives&amp;rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&amp;rft.pub=The+Heritage+Foundation&amp;rft.date=2001-02-21&amp;rft.aulast=Gaziano&amp;rft.aufirst=Todd&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.org%2Fthe-constitution%2Freport%2Fexecutive-summary-the-use-and-abuse-executive-orders-and-other-presidential&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-tws8nov12-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws8nov12_43-0">^</a></b></span>
<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Johnston, David (December 24, 1992). <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text"
href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1224.html">"Bush Pardons 6 in Iran Affair, Aborting a Weinberger Trial; Prosecutor Assails 'Cover-Up<span
style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2009</span>. <q>But not since President Gerald R. Ford granted clemency to former President Richard M. Nixon for possible crimes in Watergate has a Presidential pardon so pointedly raised the issue of whether the President was trying to shield officials for political purposes.</q></cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Bush+Pardons+6+in+Iran+Affair%2C+Aborting+a+Weinberger+Trial%3B+Prosecutor+Assails+%27Cover-Up%27&amp;rft.date=1992-12-24&amp;rft.aulast=Johnston&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbig%2F1224.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-tws8nov11-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws8nov11_44-0">^</a></b></span>
<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Johnston, David (December 24, 1992). <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text"
href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1224.html">"Bush Pardons 6 in Iran Affair, Aborting a Weinberger Trial; Prosecutor Assails 'Cover-Up<span
style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2009</span>. <q>The prosecutor charged that Mr. Weinberger's efforts to hide his notes may have 'forestalled impeachment proceedings against President Reagan' and formed part of a pattern of 'deception and obstruction.'... In light of President Bush's own misconduct, we are gravely concerned about his decision to pardon others who lied to Congress and obstructed official investigations.</q></cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Bush+Pardons+6+in+Iran+Affair%2C+Aborting+a+Weinberger+Trial%3B+Prosecutor+Assails+%27Cover-Up%27&amp;rft.date=1992-12-24&amp;rft.aulast=Johnston&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbig%2F1224.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-tws8nov10-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws8nov10_45-0">^</a></b></span>
<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Eisler, Peter (March 7, 2008). <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text"
href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2008-03-06-clinton-library-foia_N.htm">"Clinton-papers release blocked"</a>. <i>USA Today</i><span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2009</span>. <q>Former president Clinton issued 140 pardons on his last day in office, including several to controversial figures, such as commodities trader Rich, then a fugitive on tax evasion charges. Rich's ex-wife, Denise, contributed $2,000 in 1999 to Hillary Clinton's Senate campaign; $5,000 to a related political action committee; and $450,000 to a fund set up to build the Clinton library.</q></cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=USA+Today&amp;rft.atitle=Clinton-papers+release+blocked&amp;rft.date=2008-03-07&amp;rft.aulast=Eisler&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fwashington%2F2008-03-06-clinton-library-foia_N.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Millhiser, Ian (June 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text"
href="http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/06/executive_privilege.html">"Executive Privilege 101"</a>. Center for American Progress<span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Executive+Privilege+101&amp;rft.pub=Center+for+American+Progress&amp;rft.date=2010-06-01&amp;rft.au=Millhiser%2C+Ian&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanprogress.org%2Fissues%2F2010%2F06%2Fexecutive_privilege.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-9th-circuit/1537579.html">"Part III of the opinion in <i>Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan</i>"</a>. Caselaw.findlaw.com<span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Part+III+of+the+opinion+in+Mohamed+v.+Jeppesen+Dataplan&amp;rft.pub=Caselaw.findlaw.com&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcaselaw.findlaw.com%2Fus-9th-circuit%2F1537579.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ACS-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ACS_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a
href="#cite_ref-ACS_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite
class="citation web">Frost, Amanda; Florence, Justin (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://acslaw.org/files/Frost%20FINAL.pdf">"Reforming the State Secrets Privilege"</a> <span
style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Constitution_Society"
title="American Constitution Society">American Constitution Society</a><span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Reforming+the+State+Secrets+Privilege&amp;rft.pub=American+Constitution+Society&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.aulast=Frost&amp;rft.aufirst=Amanda&amp;rft.au=Florence%2C+Justin&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facslaw.org%2Ffiles%2FFrost%2520FINAL.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Weaver, William G.; Pallitto, Robert M. (2005). "State Secrets and Executive Power". <i><a
href="/wiki/Political_Science_Quarterly" title="Political Science Quarterly">Political Science Quarterly</a></i>. <b>120</b> (1): 85–112. <a
href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow"
class="external text"
href="//doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-165x.2005.tb00539.x">10.1002/j.1538-165x.2005.tb00539.x</a>. <q>Use of the state secrets privilege in courts has grown significantly over the last twenty-five years. In the twenty-three years between the decision in Reynolds [1953] and the election of Jimmy Carter, in 1976, there were four reported cases in which the government invoked the privilege. Between 1977 and 2001, there were a total of fifty-one reported cases in which courts ruled on invocation of the privilege. Because reported cases only represent a fraction of the total cases in which the privilege is invoked or implicated, it is unclear precisely how dramatically the use of the privilege has grown. But the increase in reported cases is indicative of greater willingness to assert the privilege than in the past.</q></cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&amp;rft.atitle=State+Secrets+and+Executive+Power&amp;rft.volume=120&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=85-112&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1538-165x.2005.tb00539.x&amp;rft.aulast=Weaver&amp;rft.aufirst=William+G.&amp;rft.au=Pallitto%2C+Robert+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Savage, Charlie (September 8, 2010). <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text"
href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/09/us/09secrets.html">"Court Dismisses a Case Asserting Torture by C.I.A"</a>. <i><a
href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Court+Dismisses+a+Case+Asserting+Torture+by+C.I.A&amp;rft.date=2010-09-08&amp;rft.aulast=Savage&amp;rft.aufirst=Charlie&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F09%2F09%2Fus%2F09secrets.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Finn, Peter (September 9, 2010). <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text"
href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/08/AR2010090807334.html">"Suit dismissed against firm in CIA rendition case"</a>. <i><a
href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i><span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft.atitle=Suit+dismissed+against+firm+in+CIA+rendition+case&amp;rft.date=2010-09-09&amp;rft.aulast=Finn&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2010%2F09%2F08%2FAR2010090807334.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Greenwald" title="Glenn Greenwald">Glenn Greenwald</a> (February 10, 2009). <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2009/02/10/obama">"The 180-degree reversal of Obama's State Secrets position"</a>. <i>Salon</i><span
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class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
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class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-tws28sep08-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws28sep08_54-0">^</a></b></span>
<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Cantor, Eric (July 30, 2009). <a rel="nofollow"
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<li id="cite_note-tws04oct08-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws04oct08_55-0">^</a></b></span>
<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Nelson, Dana D. (October 11, 2008). <a rel="nofollow"
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href="http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oe-nelson11-2008oct11,0,224216.story">"The 'unitary executive' question"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span
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<li id="cite_note-tws11nov301-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws11nov301_56-0">^</a></b></span>
<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Suarez, Ray; et al. (July 24, 2006). <a rel="nofollow"
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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070321035900/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/white_house/july-dec06/signing_07-24.html">"President's Use of 'Signing Statements' Raises Constitutional Concerns"</a>. PBS Online NewsHour. Archived from <a
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href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/white_house/july-dec06/signing_07-24.html">the original</a> on March 21, 2007<span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2009</span>. <q>The American Bar Association said President Bush's use of "signing statements", which allow him to sign a bill into law but not enforce certain provisions, disregards the rule of law and the separation of powers. Legal experts discuss the implications.</q></cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=President%27s+Use+of+%27Signing+Statements%27+Raises+Constitutional+Concerns&amp;rft.date=2006-07-24&amp;rft.aulast=Suarez&amp;rft.aufirst=Ray&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fbb%2Fwhite_house%2Fjuly-dec06%2Fsigning_07-24.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
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class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span
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href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/01/AR2007040101262.html">"Balking at the First Pitch"</a>. <i><a
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<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span
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href="http://www.scouting.org/filestore/pdf/210-531_WB.pdf">"History of the BSA Fact Sheet"</a> <span
style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Boy Scouts of America<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=History+of+the+BSA+Fact+Sheet&amp;rft.pub=Boy+Scouts+of+America&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scouting.org%2Ffilestore%2Fpdf%2F210-531_WB.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span
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href="https://archive.is/20120730230856/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/DC-Decoder/Decoder-Wire/2011/0425/The-not-so-secret-history-of-the-White-House-Easter-Egg-Roll">"The (not so) secret history of the White House Easter Egg Roll"</a>. <i><a
href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a></i>. Archived from <a
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href="http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/DC-Decoder/Decoder-Wire/2011/0425/The-not-so-secret-history-of-the-White-House-Easter-Egg-Roll">the original</a> on July 30, 2012<span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&amp;rft.atitle=The+%28not+so%29+secret+history+of+the+White+House+Easter+Egg+Roll&amp;rft.date=2011-04-25&amp;rft.aulast=Grier&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FUSA%2FDC-Decoder%2FDecoder-Wire%2F2011%2F0425%2FThe-not-so-secret-history-of-the-White-House-Easter-Egg-Roll&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Hesse-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hesse_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span
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class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span
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<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Dorning, Mike (January 22, 2009). <a rel="nofollow"
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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111228085232/http://www.cleveland.com/news/plaindealer/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fnews%2F1232616798110550.xml&amp;coll=2">"A note from Bush starts morning in the Oval Office"</a>. <i><a
href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow"
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href="http://www.cleveland.com/news/plaindealer/index.ssf?/base/news/1232616798110550.xml&amp;coll=2">the original</a> on December 28, 2011<span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&amp;rft.atitle=A+note+from+Bush+starts+morning+in+the+Oval+Office&amp;rft.date=2009-01-22&amp;rft.aulast=Dorning&amp;rft.aufirst=Mike&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleveland.com%2Fnews%2Fplaindealer%2Findex.ssf%3F%2Fbase%2Fnews%2F1232616798110550.xml%26coll%3D2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Abbott, James A.; Rice, Elaine M. (1998). <a rel="nofollow"
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href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NSJUAAAAMAAJ"><i>Designing Camelot: The Kennedy White House Restoration</i></a>. Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp.&#160;9–10. <a
href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a
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title="Special:BookSources/978-0-442-02532-8">978-0-442-02532-8</a>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Designing+Camelot%3A+The+Kennedy+White+House+Restoration&amp;rft.pages=9-10&amp;rft.pub=Van+Nostrand+Reinhold&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-442-02532-8&amp;rft.aulast=Abbott&amp;rft.aufirst=James+A.&amp;rft.au=Rice%2C+Elaine+M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNSJUAAAAMAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-The_White_House_State_Dinner-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-The_White_House_State_Dinner_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite
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href="https://www.whitehousehistory.org/the-white-house-state-dinner">"The White House State Dinner"</a>. <i>The White House Historical Association</i><span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+White+House+Historical+Association&amp;rft.atitle=The+White+House+State+Dinner&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehousehistory.org%2Fthe-white-house-state-dinner&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-tws11nov304-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws11nov304_66-0">^</a></b></span>
<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Dykoski, Rachel (November 1, 2008). <a rel="nofollow"
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href="http://www.tcdailyplanet.net/article/2008/10/29/book-note-presidential-idolatry-quotbad-democracyquot.html?mini=eventcalendar/2009/02/all">"Book note: Presidential idolatry is "Bad for Democracy<span
style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span>"</a>. Twin Cities Daily Planet<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2009</span>. <q>Dana D. Nelson's book makes the case that we've had 200+ years of propagandized leadership...</q></cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Book+note%3A+Presidential+idolatry+is+%22Bad+for+Democracy%22&amp;rft.date=2008-11-01&amp;rft.aulast=Dykoski&amp;rft.aufirst=Rachel&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcdailyplanet.net%2Farticle%2F2008%2F10%2F29%2Fbook-note-presidential-idolatry-quotbad-democracyquot.html%3Fmini%3Deventcalendar%2F2009%2F02%2Fall&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-tws11novjopkl-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-tws11novjopkl_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Neffinger, John (April 2, 2007). <a
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href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-neffinger/democrats-vs-science-why-_b_44733.html">"Democrats vs. <i>Science</i>: Why We're So Damn Good at Losing Elections"</a>. <i>HuffPost</i><span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2009</span>. <q>...back in the 1980s Lesley Stahl of 60 Minutes ran a piece skewering Reagan's policies on the elderly ... But while her voiceover delivered a scathing critique, the video footage was all drawn from carefully-staged photo-ops of Reagan smiling with seniors and addressing large crowds ... Deaver thanked ... Stahl...for broadcasting all those images of Reagan looking his best.</q></cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=HuffPost&amp;rft.atitle=Democrats+vs.+Science%3A+Why+We%27re+So+Damn+Good+at+Losing+Elections&amp;rft.date=2007-04-02&amp;rft.aulast=Neffinger&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fjohn-neffinger%2Fdemocrats-vs-science-why-_b_44733.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-tws11novfddxs-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-tws11novfddxs_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a
href="/wiki/Dana_D._Nelson" title="Dana D. Nelson">Nelson, Dana D.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow"
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href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qgAWphms5oMC&amp;pg=PA57&amp;lpg=PA57&amp;dq=kennedy+image+nelson+%22bad+for+democracy%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=BQX6dXpTNw&amp;sig=qbo2XZA-Exl28hYrX2vuwm532BI&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=ZMr6Spr3K8_anAfxk8X9DA&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=3&amp;ved=0CA8Q6AEwAg#v=snippet&amp;q=kennedy&amp;f=false">"Bad for democracy: how the Presidency undermines the power of the people"</a>. U of Minnesota Press. <a
href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a
href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5677-6"
title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5677-6">978-0-8166-5677-6</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2009</span>. <q>in rich detail how Kennedy drew on the power of myth as he framed his experience during World War II, when his PT boat was sliced in half by a Japanese...</q></cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Bad+for+democracy%3A+how+the+Presidency+undermines+the+power+of+the+people&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8166-5677-6&amp;rft.aulast=Nelson&amp;rft.aufirst=Dana+D.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqgAWphms5oMC%26pg%3DPA57%26lpg%3DPA57%26dq%3Dkennedy%2Bimage%2Bnelson%2B%2522bad%2Bfor%2Bdemocracy%2522%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DBQX6dXpTNw%26sig%3Dqbo2XZA-Exl28hYrX2vuwm532BI%26hl%3Den%26ei%3DZMr6Spr3K8_anAfxk8X9DA%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26ct%3Dresult%26resnum%3D3%26ved%3D0CA8Q6AEwAg%23v%3Dsnippet%26q%3Dkennedy%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
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<li id="cite_note-tws11novfyyhhxs-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws11novfyyhhxs_69-0">^</a></b></span>
<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Nelson, Dana D. (2008). <a rel="nofollow"
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href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qgAWphms5oMC&amp;dq=kennedy+image+nelson+%22bad+for+democracy%22&amp;q=kennedy#v=snippet&amp;q=kennedy&amp;f=false">"Bad for democracy: how the Presidency undermines the power of the people"</a>. U of Minnesota Press. <a
href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a
href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5677-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5677-6">978-0-8166-5677-6</a><span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2009</span>. <q>Even before Kennedy ran for Congress, he had become fascinated, through his Hollywood acquaintances and visits, with the idea of image... (p.54)</q></cite><span
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class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-tws9novrfrff-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-tws9novrfrff_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Lexington (July 21, 2009). <a
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href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/lexington/2009/07/the_cult_of_the_presidency.cfm">"The Cult of the Presidency"</a>. <i>The Economist</i><span
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<li id="cite_note-tws9nov09-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws9nov09_71-0">^</a></b></span>
<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Kakutani, Michiko (July 6, 2007). <a rel="nofollow"
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href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/06/books/06book.html">"Unchecked and Unbalanced"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span
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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Unchecked+and+Unbalanced&amp;rft.date=2007-07-06&amp;rft.aulast=Kakutani&amp;rft.aufirst=Michiko&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F07%2F06%2Fbooks%2F06book.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
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<li id="cite_note-twsSEPnnxcvdf1-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
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<li id="cite_note-twsSEPnn5454-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
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<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Linker, Ross (September 27, 2007). <a rel="nofollow"
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href="http://www.jhunewsletter.com/2007/09/26/critical-of-presidency-prof-ginsberg-and-crenson-unite-18626/">"Critical of Presidency, Prof. Ginsberg and Crenson unite"</a>. The Johns-Hopkins Newsletter<span
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<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Kakutani, Michiko (July 6, 2007). <a rel="nofollow"
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href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/06/books/06book.html">"Unchecked and Unbalanced"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span
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<li id="cite_note-GWpps-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GWpps_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span
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<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span
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<span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
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<li id="cite_note-salaries_of_federal_officials-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a
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href="https://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/98-53.pdf">Salaries of Federal Officials: A Fact Sheet</a> <a
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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130426025113/https://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/98-53.pdf">Archived</a> April 26, 2013, at the <a
href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. <i>United States Senate</i> website. Retrieved August 6, 2009.</span>
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<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
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href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/the-white-house/">"The White House Building"</a>. <i>whitehouse</i><span
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<li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span
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class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span
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<li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span
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<li id="cite_note-af1-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-af1_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span
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<li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text">Any <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"
title="United States Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a> aircraft carrying the president will use the <a
href="/wiki/Call_sign" title="Call sign">call sign</a> "Air Force One." Similarly, "<a href="/wiki/Navy_One"
title="Navy One">Navy One</a>", "<a
href="/wiki/Army_One" title="Army One">Army One</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Coast_Guard_One"
title="Coast Guard One">Coast Guard One</a>" are the call signs used if the president is aboard a craft belonging to these services. "<a
href="/wiki/Executive_One" title="Executive One">Executive One</a>" becomes the call sign of any civilian aircraft when the president boards.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-USSSPRL-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USSSPRL_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span
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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090118094400/http://www.secretservice.gov/press/GPA02-09_Limo.pdf">New Presidential Limousine enters Secret Service Fleet</a> U.S. Secret Service Press Release (January 14, 2009) Retrieved on January 20, 2009.</span>
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href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>. September 16, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Candidate+Code+Names+Secret+Service+Monikers+Used+on+the+Campaign+Trail&amp;rft.date=2008-09-16&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fstories%2F2008%2F09%2F16%2Fearlyshow%2Fmain4452073.shtml%3Fsource%3DRSSattr%3DPolitics_4452073&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Schwemle, Barbara L. (October 17, 2012). <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text"
href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RS20115.pdf">"President of the United States: Compensation"</a> <span
style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Congressional Research Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=President+of+the+United+States%3A+Compensation&amp;rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&amp;rft.date=2012-10-17&amp;rft.aulast=Schwemle&amp;rft.aufirst=Barbara+L.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fmisc%2FRS20115.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.toledoblade.com/Politics/2007/01/07/Former-presidents-cost-U-S-taxpayers-big-bucks-tab-from-1977-to-2000-is-pegged-at-370-million.html">"Former presidents cost U.S. taxpayers big bucks"</a>. <i><a
href="/wiki/The_Blade_(Toledo)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Blade (Toledo)">Toledo Blade</a></i>. January 7, 2007<span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Toledo+Blade&amp;rft.atitle=Former+presidents+cost+U.S.+taxpayers+big+bucks&amp;rft.date=2007-01-07&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toledoblade.com%2FPolitics%2F2007%2F01%2F07%2FFormer-presidents-cost-U-S-taxpayers-big-bucks-tab-from-1977-to-2000-is-pegged-at-370-million.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code"
title="Title 18 of the United States Code">18 U.S.C.</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow"
class="external text"
href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/3056">§&#160;3056</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160823000643/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-signs-bill-granting-lifetime-secret-service-protection-to-former-presidents-and-spouses/2013/01/10/c4474416-5b5a-11e2-b8b2-0d18a64c8dfa_story.html">"Obama signs bill granting lifetime Secret Service protection to former presidents and spouses"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. Associated Press. January 10, 2013. Archived from <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-signs-bill-granting-lifetime-secret-service-protection-to-former-presidents-and-spouses/2013/01/10/c4474416-5b5a-11e2-b8b2-0d18a64c8dfa_story.html">the original</a> on August 23, 2016<span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+signs+bill+granting+lifetime+Secret+Service+protection+to+former+presidents+and+spouses&amp;rft.date=2013-01-10&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fobama-signs-bill-granting-lifetime-secret-service-protection-to-former-presidents-and-spouses%2F2013%2F01%2F10%2Fc4474416-5b5a-11e2-b8b2-0d18a64c8dfa_story.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-secretservice.gov-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-secretservice.gov_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a
href="#cite_ref-secretservice.gov_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite
class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.secretservice.gov/protection/">"United States Secret Service: Protection"</a>. United States Secret Service<span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=United+States+Secret+Service%3A+Protection&amp;rft.pub=United+States+Secret+Service&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.secretservice.gov%2Fprotection%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/jan/10/inside-politics-obama-signs-protection-bill-for-fo/?page=all">"Obama signs protection bill for former presidents"</a>. <i>The Washington Times</i>. January 10, 2013<span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Obama+signs+protection+bill+for+former+presidents&amp;rft.date=2013-01-10&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2013%2Fjan%2F10%2Finside-politics-obama-signs-protection-bill-for-fo%2F%3Fpage%3Dall&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-apreaction19810331-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-apreaction19810331_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite
class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TE4tAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=bM4FAAAAIBAJ&amp;dq=reagan%20assassination%201981&amp;pg=1392%2C4423618">"Shock and Anger Flash Throughout the United States"</a>. Associated Press. March 31, 1981<span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Shock+and+Anger+Flash+Throughout+the+United+States&amp;rft.date=1981-03-31&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DTE4tAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DbM4FAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dreagan%2520assassination%25201981%26pg%3D1392%252C4423618&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span
style="white-space: nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span
title="&#160;Dead link since January 2017">dead link</span></a></i>&#93;</span></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4presidentsphotos-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-4presidentsphotos_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/photographs/four.html">"Four Presidents"</a>. Reagan Presidential Library, National Archives and Records Administration<span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Four+Presidents&amp;rft.pub=Reagan+Presidential+Library%2C+National+Archives+and+Records+Administration&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reagan.utexas.edu%2Farchives%2Fphotographs%2Ffour.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/1600/presidents/richardnixon">"Biography of Richard M. Nixon"</a>. obamawhitehouse.archives.gov.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Biography+of+Richard+M.+Nixon&amp;rft.pub=obamawhitehouse.archives.gov&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Frichardnixon&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>, The White House.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Title_44_of_the_United_States_Code"
title="Title 44 of the United States Code">44 U.S.C.</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow"
class="external text"
href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/44/2112">§&#160;2112</a></span>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2>
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<div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul>
<li>Balogh, Brian and Bruce J. Schulman, eds. <i>Recapturing the Oval Office: New Historical Approaches to the American
Presidency</i> (Cornell University Press, 2015), 311 pp.
</li>
<li><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Bumiller" title="Elisabeth Bumiller">Bumiller, Elisabeth</a>
(January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/01/president/bumiller-text">"Inside the Presidency"</a>.
<i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National
Geographic</a></i>. <b>215</b> (1): 130–149.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&amp;rft.atitle=Inside+the+Presidency&amp;rft.volume=215&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=130-149&amp;rft.date=2009-01&amp;rft.aulast=Bumiller&amp;rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2F2009%2F01%2Fpresident%2Fbumiller-text&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li>Couch, Ernie. <i>Presidential Trivia.</i> Rutledge Hill Press. March 1, 1996. <a
href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a
href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55853-412-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-55853-412-1">1-55853-412-1</a></li>
<li>Lang, J. Stephen. <i>The Complete Book of Presidential Trivia.</i> Pelican Publishing. 2001. <a
href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a
href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56554-877-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-56554-877-9">1-56554-877-9</a></li>
<li>Greenberg, David. <i>Republic of Spin: An Inside History of the American Presidency</i> (W. W. Norton &amp; Company,
2015). xx, 540 pp.
</li>
<li>Leo, Leonard – Taranto, James – Bennett, William J. <i>Presidential Leadership: Rating the Best and the Worst in the White
House.</i> Simon and Schuster. 2004. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"
title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a
href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5433-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5433-3">0-7432-5433-3</a></li>
<li><i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i>, published by Blackwell Synergy, is a quarterly academic journal on the presidency.
</li>
<li>Świątczak, Wasilewska, Iwona. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/135982">"The Toughest Season in the White
House": The Rhetorical Presidency and the State of the Union Address, 1953–1992.</a></i> PhD thesis. University of
Helsinki, 2014. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a
href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-51-0248-5"
title="Special:BookSources/978-951-51-0248-5">978-951-51-0248-5</a>.
</li>
</ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</span></h3>
<ul>
<li>Waldman, Michael – Stephanopoulos, George. <i>My Fellow Americans: The Most Important Speeches of America's presidents,
from George Washington to George W. Bush.</i> Sourcebooks Trade. 2003. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"
title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a
href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4022-0027-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-4022-0027-7">1-4022-0027-7</a></li>
<li>Jacobs, Ron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.counterpunch.org/2015/01/30/the-us-presidency-who-does-it-serve/">Interview</a> with <a
href="/wiki/Joseph_G._Peschek" title="Joseph G. Peschek">Joseph G. Peschek</a> and William Grover, authors of <i>The
Unsustainable Presidency</i>, a book offering an analysis of the role the US President plays in economics and politics
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<table style="float:right;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox"
style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
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<td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text
related to this article:
<div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a
href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/President_of_the_United_States" class="extiw"
title="wikisource:Special:Search/President of the United States">President of the United
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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States" class="extiw"
title="commons:Presidents of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a></b></i>.
</td>
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</tbody>
</table>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox"
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</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<dl>
<dt>Official</dt>
</dl>
<ul>
<li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whitehouse.gov">"White
House"</a>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=White+House&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
</ul>
<dl>
<dt>Presidential histories</dt>
</dl>
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901180805/http://dca.tufts.edu/features/aas/index.html">A New Nation Votes: American
Election Returns, 1787–1825</a> Presidential election returns including town and county breakdowns
</li>
<li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/series/?presidents">"American
Presidents: Life Portraits"</a>. <i>C-SPAN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=C-SPAN&amp;rft.atitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portraits&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fseries%2F%3Fpresidents&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> Companion website for the C-SPAN television series: <i>American
presidents: Life Portraits</i></li>
<li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.footnote.com/us-presidents.php">"Presidential
Documents from the National Archives"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Presidential+Documents+from+the+National+Archives&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.footnote.com%2Fus-presidents.php&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> Collection of letters, portraits, photos, and other
documents from the National Archives
</li>
<li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/">"The American
Presidency Project"</a>. <i>UC Santa Barbara</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=UC+Santa+Barbara&amp;rft.atitle=The+American+Presidency+Project&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> Collection of over 67,000 presidential documents
</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100307164250/http://www.history.com/topics/the-us-presidents">The History Channel: US
Presidents</a></li>
</ul>
<dl>
<dt>Miscellaneous</dt>
</dl>
<ul>
<li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929095816/http://www.gvsu.edu/hauenstein/index.cfm?id=600041AC-93E7-4378-305E5A2BF6EC3C57">"All
the President's Roles"</a>. <i>Ask Gleaves</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.gvsu.edu/hauenstein/index.cfm?id=600041AC-93E7-4378-305E5A2BF6EC3C57">the
original</a> on September 29, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Ask+Gleaves&amp;rft.atitle=All+the+President%27s+Roles&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gvsu.edu%2Fhauenstein%2Findex.cfm%3Fid%3D600041AC-93E7-4378-305E5A2BF6EC3C57&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> Article analyzing a president's many hats
</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030605120443/http://www.gvsu.edu/hauenstein/">Hauenstein
Center for Presidential Studies</a>. Educational site on the American presidency
</li>
<li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0768854.html">"Presidents'
Occupations"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Presidents%27+Occupations&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.factmonster.com%2Fipka%2FA0768854.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> Listing of every president's occupations before and after
becoming the commander in chief
</li>
<li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141012180825/http://www.pagrandlodge.org/mlam/presidents/index.html">"The
Masonic Presidents Tour"</a>. <i>The Masonic Library and Museum of Pennsylvania</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text"
href="http://www.pagrandlodge.org/mlam/presidents/index.html">the
original</a> on October 12, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Masonic+Library+and+Museum+of+Pennsylvania&amp;rft.atitle=The+Masonic+Presidents+Tour&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pagrandlodge.org%2Fmlam%2Fpresidents%2Findex.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> Brief histories of the Masonic careers of presidents who
were members of the <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasons</a></li>
<li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/presidents/">"The
Presidents"</a>. <i>American Experience</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Experience&amp;rft.atitle=The+Presidents&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famex%2Fpresidents%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States"
class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> PBS site on the American presidency
</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/index.html">Presidents of the
United States: Resource Guides</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of
Congress</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shapell.org/collection.aspx">Shapell Manuscript Foundation</a>.
Images of documents written by U.S. presidents
</li>
</ul>
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<div id="Presidents_of_the_United_States_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Presidents
of the United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States"
title="List of Presidents of the United States">list</a>)
</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<div class="div-col columns column-width"
style="-moz-column-width: 18em; -webkit-column-width: 18em; column-width: 18em;">
<ol>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> <span
style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington"
title="Presidency of George Washington">1789–1797</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a
href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">1797–1801</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> <span
style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson"
title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">1801–1809</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a
href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">1809–1817</a>)</span>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a
href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">1817–1825</a>)</span>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> <span
style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams"
title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">1825–1829</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a
href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson"
title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">1829–1837</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> <span
style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren"
title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">1837–1841</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> <span
style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Henry_Harrison" class="mw-redirect"
title="Presidency of William Henry Harrison">1841</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a
href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">1841–1845</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a
href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">1845–1849</a>)</span>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a
href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Zachary_Taylor" class="mw-redirect"
title="Presidency of Zachary Taylor">1849–1850</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> <span
style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore"
title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">1850–1853</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> <span
style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce"
title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">1853–1857</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a
href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan"
title="Presidency of James Buchanan">1857–1861</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> <span
style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln"
title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">1861–1865</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a
href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson"
title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">1865–1869</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> <span
style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant"
title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">1869–1877</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> <span
style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes"
title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">1877–1881</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> <span
style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_A._Garfield" class="mw-redirect"
title="Presidency of James A. Garfield">1881</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> <span
style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur"
title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">1881–1885</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> <span
style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland"
title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1885–1889</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> <span
style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison"
title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">1889–1893</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> <span
style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland"
title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1893–1897</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> <span
style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley"
title="Presidency of William McKinley">1897–1901</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> <span
style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt"
title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">1901–1909</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William H. Taft</a> <span
style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft"
title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">1909–1913</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a
href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson"
title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">1913–1921</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> <span
style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding"
title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">1921–1923</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> <span
style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge"
title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">1923–1929</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a
href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover"
title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">1929–1933</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> <span
style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt"
title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1933–1945</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> <span
style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman"
title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">1945–1953</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> <span
style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower"
title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1953–1961</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> <span
style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy"
title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">1961–1963</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> <span
style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson"
title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">1963–1969</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a
href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">1969–1974</a>)</span>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a
href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">1974–1977</a>)</span>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a
href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">1977–1981</a>)</span>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a
href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">1981–1989</a>)</span>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> <span
style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush"
title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">1989–1993</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a
href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">1993–2001</a>)</span>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a
href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush"
title="Presidency of George W. Bush">2001–2009</a>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a
href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">2009–2017</a>)</span>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a
href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Donald_Trump"
title="Presidency of Donald Trump">2017–present</a>)</span></li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</td>
<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
<div><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/85px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png"
width="85" height="85"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/128px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/170px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x"
data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425"/></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidency timelines</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<div class="hlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson"
title="Timeline of the presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding"
title="Timeline of the presidency of Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge"
title="Timeline of the presidency of Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover"
title="Timeline of the presidency of Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt"
title="Timeline of the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">F. D. Roosevelt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman"
title="Timeline of the presidency of Harry S. Truman">Truman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower"
title="Timeline of the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy"
title="Timeline of the presidency of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson"
title="Timeline of the presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">L. B. Johnson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Richard_Nixon"
title="Timeline of the presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Gerald_Ford"
title="Timeline of the presidency of Gerald Ford">Ford</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter"
title="Timeline of the presidency of Jimmy Carter">Carter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan"
title="Timeline of the presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush"
title="Timeline of the presidency of George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Bill_Clinton"
title="Timeline of the presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_George_W._Bush"
title="Timeline of the presidency of George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Barack_Obama"
title="Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama">Obama</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Donald_Trump"
title="Timeline of the presidency of Donald Trump">Trump</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3">
<div>
<ul>
<li><img alt="Wikipedia book"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png"
title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x"
data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/> <a href="/wiki/Book:Presidents_of_the_United_States"
title="Book:Presidents of the United States">Book</a>
</li>
<li><img alt="Category"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png"
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<div id="Chief_executives_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chief executives of the United
States
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</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">President of the United States</a></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)"
title="Governor (United States)">State governors</a><br/>(<a
href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">current
list</a>)
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Alabama" title="List of Governors of Alabama">Alabama</a></span>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Alaska" title="List of Governors of Alaska">Alaska</a></span>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Arizona" title="List of Governors of Arizona">Arizona</a></span>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Arkansas" title="List of Governors of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></span>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">California</a></span>
<ul>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_California"
title="List of Governors of California">list</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Colorado" title="Governor of Colorado">Colorado</a></span>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Connecticut"
title="List of Governors of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Delaware" title="List of Governors of Delaware">Delaware</a></span>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Florida" title="List of Governors of Florida">Florida</a></span>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Georgia" title="List of Governors of Georgia">Georgia</a></span>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Hawaii" title="Governor of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></span>
<ul>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Hawaii"
title="List of Governors of Hawaii">list</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Idaho"
title="List of Governors of Idaho">Idaho</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Illinois" title="Governor of Illinois">Illinois</a></span>
<ul>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Illinois"
title="List of Governors of Illinois">list</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Indiana" title="Governor of Indiana">Indiana</a></span>
<ul>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Indiana"
title="List of Governors of Indiana">list</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Iowa" title="Governor of Iowa">Iowa</a></span>
<ul>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Iowa" title="List of Governors of Iowa">list</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Kansas" title="List of Governors of Kansas">Kansas</a></span>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Kentucky" title="Governor of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></span>
<ul>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Kentucky"
title="List of Governors of Kentucky">list</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Louisiana"
title="List of Governors of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Maine" title="Governor of Maine">Maine</a></span>
<ul>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Maine"
title="List of Governors of Maine">list</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Maryland" title="Governor of Maryland">Maryland</a></span>
<ul>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Maryland"
title="List of Governors of Maryland">list</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></span>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Michigan" title="Governor of Michigan">Michigan</a></span>
<ul>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Michigan"
title="List of Governors of Michigan">list</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Minnesota"
title="Governor of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></span>
<ul>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Minnesota"
title="List of Governors of Minnesota">list</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Mississippi"
title="List of Governors of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Missouri" title="List of Governors of Missouri">Missouri</a></span>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Montana" title="List of Governors of Montana">Montana</a></span>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Nebraska" title="Governor of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></span>
<ul>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Nebraska"
title="List of Governors of Nebraska">list</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Nevada" title="List of Governors of Nevada">Nevada</a></span>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_Hampshire" title="Governor of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></span>
<ul>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_New_Hampshire"
title="List of Governors of New Hampshire">list</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_Jersey" title="Governor of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></span>
<ul>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_New_Jersey"
title="List of Governors of New Jersey">list</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_Mexico" title="Governor of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></span>
<ul>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_New_Mexico"
title="List of Governors of New Mexico">list</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">New York</a></span>
<ul>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_New_York"
title="List of Governors of New York">list</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_North_Carolina" title="Governor of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></span>
<ul>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_North_Carolina"
title="List of Governors of North Carolina">list</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_North_Dakota" title="Governor of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></span>
<ul>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_North_Dakota"
title="List of Governors of North Dakota">list</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Ohio" title="List of Governors of Ohio">Ohio</a></span>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Oklahoma" title="Governor of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></span>
<ul>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Oklahoma"
title="List of Governors of Oklahoma">list</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Oregon" title="Governor of Oregon">Oregon</a></span>
<ul>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Oregon"
title="List of Governors of Oregon">list</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Pennsylvania"
title="List of Governors of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Rhode_Island"
title="List of Governors of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_South_Carolina" title="Governor of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></span>
<ul>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_South_Carolina"
title="List of Governors of South Carolina">list</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_South_Dakota" title="Governor of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></span>
<ul>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_South_Dakota"
title="List of Governors of South Dakota">list</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tennessee"
title="Governor of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></span>
<ul>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Tennessee"
title="List of Governors of Tennessee">list</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Texas" title="Governor of Texas">Texas</a></span>
<ul>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Texas"
title="List of Governors of Texas">list</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Utah" title="List of Governors of Utah">Utah</a></span>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Vermont" title="Governor of Vermont">Vermont</a></span>
<ul>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Vermont"
title="List of Governors of Vermont">list</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Virginia</a></span>
<ul>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Virginia"
title="List of Governors of Virginia">list</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Washington"
title="List of Governors of Washington">Washington</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_West_Virginia"
title="List of Governors of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Wisconsin"
title="Governor of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></span>
<ul>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Wisconsin"
title="List of Governors of Wisconsin">list</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Wyoming" title="List of Governors of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a
href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_governors_of_insular_areas_of_the_United_States"
title="Category:Lists of governors of insular areas of the United States">Territorial</a><br/>(<a
href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors#United_States_Territories_and_the_District_of_Columbia"
title="List of current United States governors">current list</a>)
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_American_Samoa"
title="List of governors of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_the_District_of_Columbia"
title="Mayor of the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Guam" title="List of Governors of Guam">Guam</a></span>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands"
title="List of Governors of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></span>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Puerto_Rico"
title="Governor of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></span>
<ul>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Puerto_Rico"
title="List of governors of Puerto Rico">list</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands"
title="List of Governors of the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Defunct</i></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_territorial_governors_of_the_United_States"
title="Category:Lists of territorial governors of the United States">Pre-state territories</a></span>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_the_Panama_Canal_Zone"
title="List of Governors of the Panama Canal Zone">Panama Canal Zone</a></span>
</li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Cuba"
title="List of colonial governors of Cuba">Cuba</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines"
title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Philippine Islands</a> <span
style="font-size:85%;">(until 1935)</span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_to_the_Philippines"
title="High Commissioner to the Philippines">Philippine Commonwealth</a> <span
style="font-size:85%;">(until 1946)</span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_of_the_Trust_Territory_of_the_Pacific_Islands"
title="High Commissioner of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands">Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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<div id="United_States_presidential_elections" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a
href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">United States
presidential elections</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections by year</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1788%E2%80%9389"
title="United States presidential election, 1788–89">1788–89</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1792"
title="United States presidential election, 1792">1792</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1796"
title="United States presidential election, 1796">1796</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1800"
title="United States presidential election, 1800">1800</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1804"
title="United States presidential election, 1804">1804</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1808"
title="United States presidential election, 1808">1808</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1812"
title="United States presidential election, 1812">1812</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1816"
title="United States presidential election, 1816">1816</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1820"
title="United States presidential election, 1820">1820</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1824"
title="United States presidential election, 1824">1824</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1828"
title="United States presidential election, 1828">1828</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1832"
title="United States presidential election, 1832">1832</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1836"
title="United States presidential election, 1836">1836</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1840"
title="United States presidential election, 1840">1840</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1844"
title="United States presidential election, 1844">1844</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1848"
title="United States presidential election, 1848">1848</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1852"
title="United States presidential election, 1852">1852</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1856"
title="United States presidential election, 1856">1856</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1860"
title="United States presidential election, 1860">1860</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1864"
title="United States presidential election, 1864">1864</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1868"
title="United States presidential election, 1868">1868</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1872"
title="United States presidential election, 1872">1872</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1876"
title="United States presidential election, 1876">1876</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1880"
title="United States presidential election, 1880">1880</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1884"
title="United States presidential election, 1884">1884</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1888"
title="United States presidential election, 1888">1888</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1892"
title="United States presidential election, 1892">1892</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1896"
title="United States presidential election, 1896">1896</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1900"
title="United States presidential election, 1900">1900</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1904"
title="United States presidential election, 1904">1904</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1908"
title="United States presidential election, 1908">1908</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1912"
title="United States presidential election, 1912">1912</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1916"
title="United States presidential election, 1916">1916</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1920"
title="United States presidential election, 1920">1920</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1924"
title="United States presidential election, 1924">1924</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1928"
title="United States presidential election, 1928">1928</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1932"
title="United States presidential election, 1932">1932</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1936"
title="United States presidential election, 1936">1936</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1940"
title="United States presidential election, 1940">1940</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1944"
title="United States presidential election, 1944">1944</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1948"
title="United States presidential election, 1948">1948</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1952"
title="United States presidential election, 1952">1952</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1956"
title="United States presidential election, 1956">1956</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1960"
title="United States presidential election, 1960">1960</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1964"
title="United States presidential election, 1964">1964</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1968"
title="United States presidential election, 1968">1968</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1972"
title="United States presidential election, 1972">1972</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1976"
title="United States presidential election, 1976">1976</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1980"
title="United States presidential election, 1980">1980</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1984"
title="United States presidential election, 1984">1984</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1988"
title="United States presidential election, 1988">1988</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1992"
title="United States presidential election, 1992">1992</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1996"
title="United States presidential election, 1996">1996</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2000"
title="United States presidential election, 2000">2000</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2004"
title="United States presidential election, 2004">2004</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2008"
title="United States presidential election, 2008">2008</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2012"
title="United States presidential election, 2012">2012</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2016"
title="United States presidential election, 2016">2016</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2020"
title="United States presidential election, 2020">2020</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections by state</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Alabama"
title="United States presidential elections in Alabama">Alabama</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Alaska"
title="United States presidential elections in Alaska">Alaska</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Arizona"
title="United States presidential elections in Arizona">Arizona</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Arkansas"
title="United States presidential elections in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_California"
title="United States presidential elections in California">California</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Colorado"
title="United States presidential elections in Colorado">Colorado</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Connecticut"
title="United States presidential elections in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Delaware"
title="United States presidential elections in Delaware">Delaware</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Florida"
title="United States presidential elections in Florida">Florida</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Georgia"
title="United States presidential elections in Georgia">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Hawaii"
title="United States presidential elections in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Idaho"
title="United States presidential elections in Idaho">Idaho</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Illinois"
title="United States presidential elections in Illinois">Illinois</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Indiana"
title="United States presidential elections in Indiana">Indiana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Iowa"
title="United States presidential elections in Iowa">Iowa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Kansas"
title="United States presidential elections in Kansas">Kansas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Kentucky"
title="United States presidential elections in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Louisiana"
title="United States presidential elections in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Maine"
title="United States presidential elections in Maine">Maine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Maryland"
title="United States presidential elections in Maryland">Maryland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Massachusetts"
title="United States presidential elections in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Michigan"
title="United States presidential elections in Michigan">Michigan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Minnesota"
title="United States presidential elections in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Mississippi"
title="United States presidential elections in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Missouri"
title="United States presidential elections in Missouri">Missouri</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Montana"
title="United States presidential elections in Montana">Montana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Nebraska"
title="United States presidential elections in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Nevada"
title="United States presidential elections in Nevada">Nevada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_Hampshire"
title="United States presidential elections in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_Jersey"
title="United States presidential elections in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_Mexico"
title="United States presidential elections in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_York"
title="United States presidential elections in New York">New York</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_North_Carolina"
title="United States presidential elections in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_North_Dakota"
title="United States presidential elections in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Ohio"
title="United States presidential elections in Ohio">Ohio</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Oklahoma"
title="United States presidential elections in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Oregon"
title="United States presidential elections in Oregon">Oregon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_in_Pennsylvania"
title="List of United States presidential elections in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Rhode_Island"
title="United States presidential elections in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_South_Carolina"
title="United States presidential elections in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_South_Dakota"
title="United States presidential elections in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Tennessee"
title="United States presidential elections in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Texas"
title="United States presidential elections in Texas">Texas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Utah"
title="United States presidential elections in Utah">Utah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Vermont"
title="United States presidential elections in Vermont">Vermont</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Virginia"
title="United States presidential elections in Virginia">Virginia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Washington"
title="United States presidential elections in Washington">Washington</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Washington,_D.C."
title="United States presidential elections in Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_West_Virginia"
title="United States presidential elections in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Wisconsin"
title="United States presidential elections in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Wyoming"
title="United States presidential elections in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary"
title="United States presidential primary">Primaries and
caucuses</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_caucuses" title="Iowa caucuses">Iowa caucuses</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_primary" title="New Hampshire primary">New Hampshire primary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_primary" title="South Carolina primary">South Carolina primary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Super_Tuesday" title="Super Tuesday">Super Tuesday</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention"
title="United States presidential nominating convention">Nominating
conventions</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brokered_convention" title="Brokered convention">Brokered convention</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Convention_bounce" title="Convention bounce">Convention bounce</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">Superdelegate</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)"
title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral
College</a><br/>and <a href="/wiki/Popular_vote_(representative_democracy)"
title="Popular vote (representative democracy)">Popular vote</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li>Results
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_summary"
title="United States presidential election summary">Summary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_which_the_winner_lost_the_popular_vote"
title="United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote">Elections
in which the winner lost the popular vote</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_Electoral_College_margin"
title="List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin">Electoral
College margins</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_election_results_by_state"
title="List of United States presidential election results by state">Electoral College results
by state</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_vote_changes_between_United_States_presidential_elections"
title="Electoral vote changes between United States presidential elections">Electoral vote
changes between elections</a></li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_received_an_electoral_vote_in_the_United_States_Electoral_College"
title="List of people who received an electoral vote in the United States Electoral College">Electoral
vote recipients</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_popular_vote_margin"
title="List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin">Popular vote
margins</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Contingent_election" title="Contingent election">Contingent election</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Faithless_elector" title="Faithless elector">Faithless elector</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unpledged_elector" title="Unpledged elector">Unpledged elector</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout_in_the_United_States_presidential_elections"
title="Voter turnout in the United States presidential elections">Voter turnout</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._presidential_campaign_slogans"
title="List of U.S. presidential campaign slogans">Campaign slogans</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Historical_polling_for_U.S._Presidential_elections" class="mw-redirect"
title="Historical polling for U.S. Presidential elections">Historical election polling</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Election_Day_(United_States)" title="Election Day (United States)">Election Day</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_major_party_presidential_tickets"
title="List of United States major party presidential tickets">Major party tickets</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States"
title="List of unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States">Major party
losers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_debates" title="United States presidential debates">Presidential
debates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/October_surprise" title="October surprise">October surprise</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue
states</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Swing_state" title="Swing state">Swing state</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Election_recount" title="Election recount">Election recount</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
<div>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections"
title="Template:United States House of Representatives elections">House elections</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Senate_elections" title="Template:United States Senate elections">Senate
elections</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_gubernatorial_elections"
title="Template:United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial elections</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
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<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
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<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Armed_Forces"
title="Template:United States Armed Forces"><abbr title="View this template"
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<div id="United_States_Armed_Forces" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces"
title="United States Armed Forces">United
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</th>
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<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;">
<div id="*_Wikipedia_book&amp;#124;16x16px&amp;#124;link=_Book&amp;#10;*_Portal&amp;#124;16x16px&amp;#124;link=_Portal&amp;#10;**_A&amp;#10;**_MC&amp;#10;**_N&amp;#10;**_AF&amp;#10;**_CG&amp;#10;*_Category&amp;#124;16x16px&amp;#124;link=_Category&amp;#10;**_A&amp;#10;**_MC&amp;#10;**_N&amp;#10;**_AF&amp;#10;**_CG&amp;#10;*_Navbox&amp;#10;**_A&amp;#10;**_MC&amp;#10;**_N&amp;#10;**_AF&amp;#10;**_CG">
<ul>
<li><img alt="Wikipedia book"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png"
title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x"
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<li><img alt="Portal"
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data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28"/> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Military_of_the_United_States"
title="Portal:Military of the United States">Portal</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States_Army" title="Portal:United States Army">A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Portal:United States Marine Corps">MC</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States_Navy" title="Portal:United States Navy">N</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States_Air_Force" title="Portal:United States Air Force">AF</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Portal:United States Coast Guard">CG</a>
</li>
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<li><img alt="Category"
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data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31"/> <a href="/wiki/Category:Military_of_the_United_States"
title="Category:Military of the United States">Category</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Army" title="Category:United States Army">A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Marine_Corps"
title="Category:United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Navy" title="Category:United States Navy">N</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Air_Force" title="Category:United States Air Force">AF</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Coast_Guard"
title="Category:United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Template:US_military_navbox" class="mw-redirect"
title="Template:US military navbox">Navbox</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Army_navbox" title="Template:US Army navbox">A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Marine_Corps_navbox" title="Template:US Marine Corps navbox">MC</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Navy_navbox" title="Template:US Navy navbox">N</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Air_Force_navbox" class="mw-redirect"
title="Template:US Air Force navbox">AF</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Coast_Guard_navbox" title="Template:US Coast Guard navbox">CG</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Leadership</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief#United_States" title="Commander-in-chief">Commander-in-chief</a>: <a
class="mw-selflink selflink">President of the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of
Defense</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense"
title="United States Deputy Secretary of Defense">Deputy Secretary of Defense</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security"
title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary of Homeland Security</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security"
title="United States Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security">Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff"
title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff"
title="Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Vice Chairman</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>:
Committees on Armed Services:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services"
title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">Senate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Armed_Services"
title="United States House Committee on Armed Services">House</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_duty_United_States_four-star_officers"
title="List of active duty United States four-star officers">Active duty four-star officers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_seniority" title="United States military seniority">United States
military seniority</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Act_of_1947" title="National Security Act of 1947">National Security Act
of 1947</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Goldwater%E2%80%93Nichols_Act" title="Goldwater–Nichols Act">Goldwater–Nichols Act</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a
href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Structure of the United States Armed Forces">Organization</a>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Service departments</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"
title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> (<a
href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense"
title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary</a>)</i>: <a
href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Army"
title="United States Department of the Army">Army</a> (<a
href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army"
title="United States Secretary of the Army">Secretary</a>)
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy"
title="United States Department of the Navy">Navy</a> (<a
href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy"
title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary</a>)
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Air_Force"
title="United States Department of the Air Force">Air Force</a> (<a
href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Air_Force"
title="United States Secretary of the Air Force">Secretary</a>)
</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security"
title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland
Security</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security"
title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary</a>)</i>: <a
href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Branches</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a> (<a
href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army"
title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Chief of Staff</a>)
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a>
(<a href="/wiki/Commandant_of_the_Marine_Corps" title="Commandant of the Marine Corps">Commandant</a>)
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a> (<a
href="/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Operations" title="Chief of Naval Operations">Chief of Naval
Operations</a>)
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a> (<a
href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force"
title="Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force">Chief of Staff</a>)
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a>
(<a href="/wiki/Commandant_of_the_Coast_Guard" title="Commandant of the Coast Guard">Commandant</a>)
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a
href="/wiki/Reserve_components_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces"
title="Reserve components of the United States Armed Forces">Reserve components</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li>Reserves:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve" title="United States Army Reserve">A</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Reserve"
title="United States Marine Corps Reserve">MC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve" title="United States Navy Reserve">N</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Command" title="Air Force Reserve Command">AF</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Reserve"
title="United States Coast Guard Reserve">CG</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States"
title="National Guard of the United States">National Guard</a>:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Army_National_Guard" title="Army National Guard">A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Air_National_Guard" title="Air National Guard">AF</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/wiki/Auxiliaries"
title="Auxiliaries">Civilian
auxiliaries</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_Auxiliary_Radio_System" title="Military Auxiliary Radio System">Military
Auxiliary Radio System</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine" title="United States Merchant Marine">Merchant
Marine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Air_Patrol" title="Civil Air Patrol">Civil Air Patrol</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Auxiliary"
title="United States Coast Guard Auxiliary">Coast Guard Auxiliary</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a
href="/wiki/Unified_Combatant_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Combatant Command">Unified
Combatant Command</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command" title="United States Africa Command">Africa</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Central_Command"
title="United States Central Command">Central</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_European_Command"
title="United States European Command">European</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Indo-Pacific_Command" title="United States Indo-Pacific Command">Indo-Pacific</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Northern_Command"
title="United States Northern Command">Northern</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Southern_Command"
title="United States Southern Command">Southern</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Cyber_Command" title="United States Cyber Command">Cyber</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Special_Operations_Command"
title="United States Special Operations Command">Special Operations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Strategic_Command" title="United States Strategic Command">Strategic</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Transportation_Command"
title="United States Transportation Command">Transportation</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Structure</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Title_10_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 10 of the United States Code">Title
10</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Title_14_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 14 of the United States Code">Title
14</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Title_32_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 32 of the United States Code">Title
32</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Title_50_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 50 of the United States Code">Title
50</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">The Pentagon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" title="List of United States military bases">Installations</a>
</li>
<li>Units:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_United_States_Army"
title="Category:Military units and formations of the United States Army">A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps"
title="Organization of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_United_States_Navy"
title="Category:Military units and formations of the United States Navy">N</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_United_States_Air_Force"
title="Category:Military units and formations of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard"
title="Organization of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_logistics_of_the_United_States"
title="Category:Military logistics of the United States">Logistics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Media_of_the_military_of_the_United_States"
title="Category:Media of the military of the United States">Media</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_armed_forces_unit_mottoes" class="mw-redirect"
title="List of United States armed forces unit mottoes">Unit mottoes</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Operations and <a
href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">history</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_deployments" title="United States military deployments">Current
deployments</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_the_United_States" title="List of conflicts in the United States">Conflicts</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_United_States" title="List of wars involving the United States">Wars</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_military_operations"
title="Timeline of United States military operations">Timeline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">History</a>:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">A</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps"
title="History of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">N</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force"
title="History of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard"
title="History of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">Colonial</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II"
title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_affairs_in_the_United_States_Armed_Forces"
title="History of civil affairs in the United States Armed Forces">Civil affairs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_officers%27_club" title="Military officers&#39; club">Officers' clubs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">African
Americans</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Asian_Americans" title="Military history of Asian Americans">Asian
Americans</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Buddhists_in_the_United_States_military" title="Buddhists in the United States military">Buddhist
Americans</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Jewish_Americans" title="Military history of Jewish Americans">Jewish
Americans</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Muslims_in_the_United_States_military" title="Muslims in the United States military">Muslim
Americans</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Pakistani_Americans" class="mw-redirect"
title="Military history of Pakistani Americans">Pakistani Americans</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_United_States_military" title="Sikhs in the United States military">Sikh
Americans</a></li>
<li>Historiography:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History"
title="United States Army Center of Military History">Army Center of Military History</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_History_Division"
title="United States Marine Corps History Division">MC History Division</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command" title="Naval History and Heritage Command">Naval
History and Heritage Command</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Historical_Research_Agency" title="Air Force Historical Research Agency">Air
Force Historical Research Agency</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_official_war_artists" title="American official war artists">American official war
artists</a>:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Art_Program" title="United States Army Art Program">Army Art
Program</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Art_Program" title="United States Air Force Art Program">AF
Art Program</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Personnel</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Training</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Entrance_Processing_Command"
title="United States Military Entrance Processing Command">MEPS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Services_Vocational_Aptitude_Battery"
title="Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery">ASVAB</a></li>
<li>Recruit training:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Basic_Training"
title="United States Army Basic Training">A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Recruit_Training"
title="United States Marine Corps Recruit Training">MC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Recruit_Training_Command,_Great_Lakes,_Illinois"
title="Recruit Training Command, Great Lakes, Illinois">N</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Basic_Military_Training"
title="United States Air Force Basic Military Training">AF</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Training_Center_Cape_May"
title="United States Coast Guard Training Center Cape May">CG</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Officer_Candidate_School#United_States" title="Officer Candidate School">Officer
candidate school</a>:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Officer_Candidate_School_(United_States_Army)"
title="Officer Candidate School (United States Army)">A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Officer_Candidates_School_(United_States_Marine_Corps)"
title="Officer Candidates School (United States Marine Corps)">MC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Officer_Candidate_School_(United_States_Navy)"
title="Officer Candidate School (United States Navy)">N</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Officer_Training_School"
title="Air Force Officer Training School">AF</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Warrant_officer_(United_States)" title="Warrant officer (United States)">Warrant</a>:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Warrant_Officer_Candidate_School_(United_States_Army)"
title="Warrant Officer Candidate School (United States Army)">A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Basic_School#Warrant_Officer_Basic_Course_(WOBC)"
title="The Basic School">MC</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_service_academies" title="United States service academies">Service
academies</a>:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">A</a><small>
(<a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy_Preparatory_School"
title="United States Military Academy Preparatory School">prep</a>)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy"
title="United States Naval Academy">N</a><small> (<a
href="/wiki/Naval_Academy_Preparatory_School"
title="Naval Academy Preparatory School">prep</a>)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy"
title="United States Air Force Academy">AF</a><small> (<a
href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy_Preparatory_School"
title="United States Air Force Academy Preparatory School">prep</a>)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Academy"
title="United States Coast Guard Academy">CG</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine_Academy"
title="United States Merchant Marine Academy">Merchant Marine</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps"
title="Reserve Officers&#39; Training Corps">ROTC</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Army_Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps"
title="Army Reserve Officers&#39; Training Corps">A</a>:<a
href="/wiki/Early_Commissioning_Program"
title="Early Commissioning Program">ECP</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Reserve_Officers_Training_Corps"
title="Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps">MC/N</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Officer_Training_Corps"
title="Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps">AF</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Education_and_Training_Campus"
title="Medical Education and Training Campus">Medical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_education_and_training_in_the_United_States"
title="Category:Military education and training in the United States">Other education</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Uniforms</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Military" class="mw-redirect"
title="Uniforms of the United States Military">Uniforms</a>:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Army"
title="Uniforms of the United States Army">A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps"
title="Uniforms of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Navy"
title="Uniforms of the United States Navy">N</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Air_Force"
title="Uniforms of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard#Uniforms" title="United States Coast Guard">CG</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces"
title="Awards and decorations of the United States Armed Forces">Awards &amp;
decorations</a>:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Inter-service_awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_military"
title="Inter-service awards and decorations of the United States military">Inter-service</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Army"
title="Awards and decorations of the United States Army">A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_awards_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Navy"
class="mw-redirect"
title="Military awards of the United States Department of the Navy">MC/N</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Air_Force"
title="Awards and decorations of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard"
title="Awards and decorations of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Authorized_foreign_decorations_of_the_United_States_military"
title="Authorized foreign decorations of the United States military">Foreign</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_military_decoration_authorized_by_the_US_military"
title="International military decoration authorized by the US military">International</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_award_devices"
title="United States military award devices">Devices</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_badges_of_the_United_States"
title="Military badges of the United States">Badges</a>:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Identification_badges_of_the_Uniform_Services_of_the_United_States"
title="Identification badges of the Uniform Services of the United States">Identification</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Army"
title="Badges of the United States Army">A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps"
title="Badges of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Navy"
title="Badges of the United States Navy">N</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Air_Force"
title="Badges of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard"
title="Badges of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a
href="/wiki/List_of_comparative_military_ranks" title="List of comparative military ranks">Ranks</a>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li>Enlisted:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_enlisted_rank_insignia"
title="United States Army enlisted rank insignia">A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_rank_insignia"
title="United States Marine Corps rank insignia">MC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_enlisted_rates"
title="List of United States Navy enlisted rates">N</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_enlisted_rank_insignia"
title="United States Air Force enlisted rank insignia">AF</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Coast_Guard_enlisted_rates" class="mw-redirect"
title="List of United States Coast Guard enlisted rates">CG</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Warrant_officer_(United_States)" title="Warrant officer (United States)">Warrant
officers</a></li>
<li>Officer:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_officer_rank_insignia"
title="United States Army officer rank insignia">A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_rank_insignia"
title="United States Marine Corps rank insignia">MC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_officer_rank_insignia"
title="United States Navy officer rank insignia">N</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_officer_rank_insignia"
title="United States Air Force officer rank insignia">AF</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_officer_rank_insignia"
title="United States Coast Guard officer rank insignia">CG</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Other</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li>Oath:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces_oath_of_enlistment"
title="United States Armed Forces oath of enlistment">Enlistment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Uniformed_Services_Oath_of_Office"
title="United States Uniformed Services Oath of Office">Office</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Creeds &amp; Codes:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_the_United_States_Fighting_Force"
title="Code of the United States Fighting Force">Code of Conduct</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Noncommissioned_officer%27s_creed"
title="Noncommissioned officer&#39;s creed">NCO</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Soldier%27s_Creed" title="Soldier&#39;s Creed">A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rifleman%27s_Creed" title="Rifleman&#39;s Creed">MC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sailor%27s_Creed" title="Sailor&#39;s Creed">N</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Airman%27s_Creed" title="Airman&#39;s Creed">AF</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Creed_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guardsman"
title="Creed of the United States Coast Guardsman">CG</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Armed_Forces)"
title="Service number (United States Armed Forces)">Service numbers</a>:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Army)"
title="Service number (United States Army)">A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Marine_Corps)"
title="Service number (United States Marine Corps)">MC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Navy)"
title="Service number (United States Navy)">N</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Air_Force)"
title="Service number (United States Air Force)">AF</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Coast_Guard)"
title="Service number (United States Coast Guard)">CG</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_occupation_code"
title="United States military occupation code">Military Occupational Specialty</a>/<a
href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ratings"
title="List of United States Navy ratings">Rating</a>/<a
href="/wiki/Air_Force_Specialty_Code" title="Air Force Specialty Code">Air Force Specialty
Code</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_pay" title="United States military pay">Pay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Code_of_Military_Justice" title="Uniform Code of Military Justice">Uniform
Code of Military Justice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps" title="Judge Advocate General&#39;s Corps">Judge
Advocate General's Corps</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_Health_System" title="Military Health System">Military Health
System</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tricare" title="Tricare">TRICARE</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Separation_(United_States_military)"
title="Separation (United States military)">Separation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs"
title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs">Veterans Affairs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">Conscription</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chiefs_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States"
title="Chiefs of Chaplains of the United States">Chiefs of Chaplains</a>:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States_Army"
title="Chief of Chaplains of the United States Army">A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps"
title="Chaplain of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States_Navy"
title="Chief of Chaplains of the United States Navy">N</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States_Air_Force"
title="Chief of Chaplains of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard"
title="Chaplain of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a
href="/wiki/Equipment_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect"
title="Equipment of the United States Armed Forces">Equipment</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Equipment_of_the_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect"
title="Equipment of the United States Army">A</a></li>
<li>MC:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vehicles_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps"
title="List of vehicles of the United States Marine Corps">vehicles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps"
title="List of weapons of the United States Marine Corps">weapons</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_individual_equipment"
title="List of United States Marine Corps individual equipment">other</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Equipment_of_the_United_States_Navy" class="mw-redirect"
title="Equipment of the United States Navy">N</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Equipment_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect"
title="Equipment of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Equipment_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" class="mw-redirect"
title="Equipment of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Land</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_weapons_of_the_U.S._Armed_Forces"
title="List of individual weapons of the U.S. Armed Forces">Individual weapons</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crew-served_weapons_of_the_U.S._Armed_Forces"
title="List of crew-served weapons of the U.S. Armed Forces">Crew-served weapons</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_land_vehicles_of_the_U.S._Armed_Forces"
title="List of land vehicles of the U.S. Armed Forces">Vehicles</a> (<a
href="/wiki/List_of_currently_active_United_States_military_land_vehicles"
title="List of currently active United States military land vehicles">active</a>)
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Sea</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_currently_active_United_States_military_watercraft"
title="List of currently active United States military watercraft">All watercraft</a></li>
<li>Ships:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_United_States_Army"
title="List of ships of the United States Army">A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships"
title="List of United States Navy ships">N</a> (<a
href="/wiki/List_of_current_ships_of_the_United_States_Navy"
title="List of current ships of the United States Navy">active</a>)
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_United_States_Air_Force"
title="List of ships of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Coast_Guard_cutters"
title="List of United States Coast Guard cutters">CG</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Military_Sealift_Command_ships"
title="List of Military Sealift Command ships">MSC</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Weapons:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_weapons"
title="List of United States Navy weapons">N</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Equipment_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard#Small_arms"
class="mw-redirect" title="Equipment of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_naval_reactors" title="United States naval reactors">Reactors</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Air</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_the_United_States"
title="List of military aircraft of the United States">Aircraft</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_the_United_States_(1909%E2%80%931919)"
class="mw-redirect"
title="List of military aircraft of the United States (1909–1919)">World War I</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_United_States_military_aircraft"
title="List of active United States military aircraft">active</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_aircraft_designation_systems"
title="United States military aircraft designation systems">Aircraft designation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missiles_by_country#United_States_(North_America;_NATO)"
title="List of missiles by country">Missiles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/U.S._helicopter_armament_subsystems"
title="U.S. helicopter armament subsystems">Helicopter arms</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Other</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_football" title="Nuclear football">Nuclear football</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_electronics_of_the_United_States"
title="List of military electronics of the United States">Electronics</a> (<a
href="/wiki/Joint_Electronics_Type_Designation_System"
title="Joint Electronics Type Designation System">designations</a>)
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces"
title="Flags of the United States Armed Forces">Flags</a>:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Flag of the United States Army">A</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps"
title="Flag of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Flag of the United States Navy">N</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Air_Force"
title="Flag of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard"
title="Flag of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ensign_of_the_United_States"
title="Ensign of the United States">Ensign</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jack_of_the_United_States" title="Jack of the United States">Jack</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guidon_(United_States)" title="Guidon (United States)">Guidons</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_ration" title="United States military ration">Food</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction"
title="United States and weapons of mass destruction">WMDs</a>:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect"
title="Nuclear weapons and the United States">Nuclear</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_biological_weapons_program"
title="United States biological weapons program">Biological</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._chemical_weapons_topics"
title="List of U.S. chemical weapons topics">Chemical</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;">
<div>
<dl>
<dt>Legend</dt>
<dd>A = <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></dd>
<dd>MC = <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></dd>
<dd>N = <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></dd>
<dd>AF = <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></dd>
<dd>CG = <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></dd>
</dl>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_articles" style="padding:3px">
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title="View this template"
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<div id="United_States_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States"
title="United States">United States</a>&#160;articles
</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States"
title="History of the United States">History</a>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_history" title="Timeline of United States history">Timeline
of U.S. history</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States"
title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history"
title="Colonial American military history">military history</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental
Congress</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_Period" title="Confederation Period">Confederation Period</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution"
title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">Drafting
and ratification of Constitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_acquisitions"
title="United States territorial acquisitions">Territorial acquisitions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States"
title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American
War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction
Era</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/African-American_civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" class="mw-redirect"
title="African-American civil rights movement (1865–1896)">African-American civil rights
movement 1865–1896</a>&#160;/&#32;<a
href="/wiki/African-American_civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)"
class="mw-redirect"
title="African-American civil rights movement (1896–1954)">1896–1954</a>&#160;/&#32;<a
href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">1954–1968</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American
War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931918)#World_War_I"
title="History of the United States (1865–1918)">World War I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II"
title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II"
title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">Nazism in the United
States</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)"
title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">Post-Cold War (1991–2008)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)"
title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">War in Afghanistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)"
title="History of the United States (2008–present)">Recent events (2008–present)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States#History_of_the_United_States"
title="Outline of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States"
title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries"
title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States"
title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_debt_ceiling"
title="History of United States debt ceiling">debt ceiling</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions"
title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions_(before_1890)"
title="Timeline of United States inventions (before 1890)">before 1890</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions_(1890%E2%80%931945)"
title="Timeline of United States inventions (1890–1945)">1890–1945</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions_(1946%E2%80%9391)"
title="Timeline of United States inventions (1946–91)">1946–91</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions_(after_1991)"
title="Timeline of United States inventions (after 1991)">after 1991</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States"
title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States"
title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States"
title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and
industrial</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States"
title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_territory" title="United States territory">Territory</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">federal enclaves</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States"
title="Territories of the United States">insular zones</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands"
title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor outlying islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States"
title="Lists of populated places in the United States">populated places</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States"
title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States"
title="List of extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States"
title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States"
title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States"
title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System"
title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States"
title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States"
title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States"
title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States"
title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States"
title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific States">Pacific</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Longest <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States"
title="List of rivers of the United States">rivers</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red (South)</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States"
title="Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and
sanitation</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States"
title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th id="Federal" scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a
href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States"
title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">
Executive
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States"
title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service"
title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments"
title="United States federal executive departments">Executive
departments</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States"
title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive
Office</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government"
title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent
agencies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States"
title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law
enforcement</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">President of the United States</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States"
title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a
href="/wiki/United_States_Congress"
title="United States Congress">Legislative</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"
title="United States House of Representatives">House of
Representatives</a>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"
class="mw-redirect"
title="Current members of the United States House of Representatives">current
members</a></li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"
title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Current_members_of_the_United_States_Senate"
class="mw-redirect"
title="Current members of the United States Senate">current
members</a></li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate"
title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President
pro tempore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States"
title="Vice President of the United States">Vice
President</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a
href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States"
title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals"
title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court"
title="United States district court">District courts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"
title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a
href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights"
title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States"
title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil
liberties</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations"
title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution"
title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States"
title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution"
title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation
of powers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reporter" title="Federal Reporter">Federal
Reporter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United
States Code</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">United
States Reports</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a
href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community"
title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"
title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency"
title="Defense Intelligence Agency">Defense Intelligence Agency</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"
title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of
Investigation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency"
title="National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency">National
Geospatial-Intelligence Agency</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office"
title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance
Office</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency"
title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence"
title="Director of National Intelligence">Office of the Director of
National Intelligence</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a
href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States"
title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces"
title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"
title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"
title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard"
title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States"
title="National Guard of the United States">National Guard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps"
title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps"
title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public
Health Service Corps</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/51st_state" title="51st state">51st state</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Puerto_Rico"
title="Political status of Puerto Rico">political status of Puerto
Rico</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_statehood_movement"
class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia statehood movement">District
of Columbia statehood movement</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States"
title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)"
title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States"
title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States"
title="Foreign policy of the United States">Foreign policy</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement"
title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian sovereignty movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States"
title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism"
title="Anti-Americanism">anti-Americanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States"
title="Local government in the United States">Local government</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States"
title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"
title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"
title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(United_States)"
title="Third party (United States)">Third parties</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red
states and blue states</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Purple_America" title="Purple America">Purple America</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States"
title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States"
title="State governments of the United States">State government</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">governor</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)"
title="State legislature (United States)">state legislature</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)"
title="State court (United States)">state court</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States"
title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector"
title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States"
title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States"
title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States"
title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States"
title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States"
title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States"
title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States"
title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States"
title="List of companies of the United States">Companies</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state"
title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States"
title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal
budget</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System" title="Federal Reserve System">Federal Reserve
System</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States"
title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor
unions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public
debt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States"
title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States"
title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States"
title="Society of the United States">Society</a>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
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<tbody>
<tr>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a
href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Americana" title="Americana">Americana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_United_States"
title="Architecture of the United States">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect"
title="Cuisine of the United States">Cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_United_States"
title="Demography of the United States">Demography</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States"
title="Education in the United States">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Family_structure_in_the_United_States"
title="Family structure in the United States">Family structure</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States"
title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States"
title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States"
title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American
English</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas"
title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language"
title="American Sign Language">ASL</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language"
title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign
Language</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hawai%27i_Sign_Language" title="Hawai&#39;i Sign Language">HSL</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language"
title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Talk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language_in_the_United_States"
title="Arabic language in the United States">Arabic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_and_varieties_in_the_United_States"
title="Chinese language and varieties in the United States">Chinese</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_the_United_States"
title="French language in the United States">French</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/German_language_in_the_United_States"
title="German language in the United States">German</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language_in_the_United_States"
title="Italian language in the United States">Italian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_the_United_States"
title="Russian language in the United States">Russian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States"
title="Spanish language in the United States">Spanish</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_United_States" title="Media of the United States">Media</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism"
title="History of American journalism">Journalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States"
title="Internet in the United States">Internet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers"
title="History of American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States"
title="Radio in the United States">Radio</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States"
title="Television in the United States">Television</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States"
title="Public holidays in the United States">Public holidays</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States"
title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States"
title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States"
title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a
href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social
class</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States"
title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States"
title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States"
title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Home-ownership_in_the_United_States"
title="Home-ownership in the United States">Home-ownership</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States"
title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States"
title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle
class</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States"
title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Professional_and_working_class_conflict_in_the_United_States"
title="Professional and working class conflict in the United States">Professional
and working class conflict</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States"
title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_in_the_United_States" title="Wealth in the United States">Wealth</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a
href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect"
title="Social issues in the United States">Issues</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_the_United_States"
title="Ages of consent in the United States">Ages of consent</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States"
title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States"
title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government"
title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States"
title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States"
title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States"
title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States"
title="Intersex rights in the United States">intersex rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States"
title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States"
title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States"
title="Racism in the United States">racism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States"
title="Same-sex marriage in the United States">same-sex marriage</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_drug_policy_of_the_United_States"
title="Federal drug policy of the United States">Drug policy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States"
title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States"
title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States"
title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_States"
title="Health care in the United States">Health care</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States"
title="Abortion in the United States">abortion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States"
title="Health insurance in the United States">health insurance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States"
title="Hunger in the United States">hunger</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States"
title="Obesity in the United States">obesity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States"
title="Tobacco in the United States">smoking</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States"
title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States"
title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States"
title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_the_United_States"
title="International rankings of the United States">International rankings</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States"
title="National security of the United States">National security</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_the_United_States"
title="Mass surveillance in the United States">Mass surveillance</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States"
title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States"
title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of
church and state</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;font-weight:bold;">
<div>
<div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;">
<ul>
<li><span style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States"
title="Outline of the United States">Outline</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_United_States-related_articles"
title="Index of United States-related articles">Index</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Book:United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Book:United States">Book</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States" title="Category:United States">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
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<div id="Heads_of_state_and_government_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Heads of state and
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</th>
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.1em; text-align: center;"><a
href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Heads of state</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
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<th id="Sovereign_states" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.1em;">Sovereign
states
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua
and Barbuda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Costa_Rica" title="President of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Cuba" title="President of Cuba">Cuba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Dominica"
title="List of Presidents of Dominica">Dominica</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Dominican_Republic"
title="List of Presidents of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_El_Salvador" title="President of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Guatemala" title="President of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Haiti" title="President of Haiti">Haiti</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Honduras" title="President of Honduras">Honduras</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Nicaragua" title="President of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Panama" title="List of heads of state of Panama">Panama</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint
Kitts and Nevis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines"
title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="President of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad
and Tobago</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.1em; text-align: center;"><a
href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Heads of government</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th id="Sovereign_states" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.1em;">Sovereign
states
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda"
title="Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Bahamas"
title="Prime Minister of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Barbados" title="Prime Minister of Barbados">Barbados</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Belize" title="List of Prime Ministers of Belize">Belize</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Costa_Rica" title="President of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cuba" title="Prime Minister of Cuba">Cuba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Dominica" title="Prime Minister of Dominica">Dominica</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Dominican_Republic"
title="List of Presidents of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_El_Salvador" title="President of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Grenada"
title="List of heads of government of Grenada">Grenada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Guatemala" title="President of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Haiti" title="Prime Minister of Haiti">Haiti</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Honduras" title="President of Honduras">Honduras</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Jamaica" title="Prime Minister of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Nicaragua" title="President of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Panama" title="List of heads of state of Panama">Panama</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis"
title="List of Prime Ministers of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Saint_Lucia"
title="List of Prime Ministers of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines"
title="List of Prime Ministers of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago"
title="List of Prime Ministers of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li>
</ul>
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<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av"><a
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href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%97%D0%A8%D0%90"
title="Прэзідэнт ЗША – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_kan_Estados_Unidos"
title="Presidente kan Estados Unidos – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a
href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8"
title="Президент на Съединените американски щати – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><a
href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predsjednik_Sjedinjenih_Ameri%C4%8Dkih_Dr%C5%BEava"
title="Predsjednik Sjedinjenih Američkih Država – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_dels_Estats_Units"
title="President dels Estats Units – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv"><a
href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%9F%D0%A8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%C4%95"
title="АПШ президенчĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a
href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezident_Spojen%C3%BDch_st%C3%A1t%C5%AF_americk%C3%BDch"
title="Prezident Spojených států amerických – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA%27s_pr%C3%A6sident"
title="USA&#039;s præsident – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A4sident_der_Vereinigten_Staaten"
title="Präsident der Vereinigten Staaten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv"><a
href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AC%DE%89%DE%AC%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%86%DE%A7%DE%8E%DE%AC_%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A9%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0_%DE%86%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%88%DE%A7%DE%8A%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%88%DE%A7_%DE%84%DE%AD%DE%8A%DE%AA%DE%85%DE%AA%DE%82%DE%B0"
title="އެމެރިކާގެ ރައީސްކަން ކުރައްވާފައިވާ ބޭފުޅުން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerika_%C3%9Chendriikide_president"
title="Ameerika Ühendriikide president – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a
href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%97%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD"
title="Πρόεδρος των Ηνωμένων Πολιτειών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"><a
href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_de_los_Estados_Unidos" title="Presidente de los Estados Unidos – Spanish"
lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezidanto_de_Usono"
title="Prezidanto de Usono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a
href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7"
title="رئیس‌جمهور ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forseti_Sambandsr%C3%ADki_Amerika"
title="Forseti Sambandsríki Amerika – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sident_des_%C3%89tats-Unis"
title="Président des États-Unis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidint_fan_de_Feriene_Steaten"
title="Presidint fan de Feriene Steaten – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinn-shuidhe_nan_St%C3%A0itean_Aonaichte"
title="Cinn-shuidhe nan Stàitean Aonaichte – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd"
hreflang="gd" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AE-koet_Ch%C3%BAng-th%C3%BAng"
title="Mî-koet Chúng-thúng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak"
class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a
href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EB%8C%80%ED%86%B5%EB%A0%B9" title="미국의 대통령 – Korean"
lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a
href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF"
title="संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका का राष्ट्रपति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a
href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predsjednik_Sjedinjenih_Ameri%C4%8Dkih_Dr%C5%BEava"
title="Predsjednik Sjedinjenih Američkih Država – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_iti_Estados_Unidos"
title="Presidente iti Estados Unidos – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiden_Amerika_Serikat"
title="Presiden Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_del_Statos_Unite_de_America"
title="Presidente del Statos Unite de America – Interlingua" lang="ia"
hreflang="ia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forseti_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna"
title="Forseti Bandaríkjanna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_degli_Stati_Uniti_d%27America"
title="Presidente degli Stati Uniti d&#039;America – Italian" lang="it"
hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a
href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%90_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA"
title="נשיא ארצות הברית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn"><a
href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF"
title="ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನದ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಪತಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a
href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A8-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98"
title="აშშ-ის პრეზიდენტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a
href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9A%D0%A8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96"
title="АҚШ президенті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rais_wa_Marekani"
title="Rais wa Marekani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku"><a
href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serok%C3%AA_Dewlet%C3%AAn_Yekb%C3%BBy%C3%AE_y%C3%AAn_Amer%C3%AEkay%C3%AA"
title="Serokê Dewletên Yekbûyî yên Amerîkayê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a
href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASV_prezidents" title="ASV prezidents – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_vun_de_Vereenegte_Staaten"
title="President vun de Vereenegte Staaten – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a
href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungtini%C5%B3_Amerikos_Valstij%C5%B3_prezidentas"
title="Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų prezidentas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_di_Stat_Unii"
title="President di Stat Unii – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Lumbaart</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a
href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az_Amerikai_Egyes%C3%BClt_%C3%81llamok_eln%C3%B6ke"
title="Az Amerikai Egyesült Államok elnöke – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a
href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8"
title="Претседател на Соединетите Американски Држави – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a
href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D"
title="അമേരിക്കൻ പ്രസിഡണ്ട് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a
href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7"
title="अमेरिकेचे राष्ट्राध्यक्ष – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf"><a
href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98"
title="ააშ-იშ პრეზიდენტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiden_Amerika_Syarikat"
title="Presiden Amerika Syarikat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn"><a
href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D3%A9%D0%B3%D1%87"
title="Америкийн Нэгдсэн Улсын ерөнхийлөгч – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-na"><a href="https://na.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_(Eben_Merika)"
title="President (Eben Merika) – Nauru" lang="na" hreflang="na"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Dorerin Naoero</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_van_de_Verenigde_Staten"
title="President van de Verenigde Staten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a
href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E7%B5%B1%E9%A0%98"
title="アメリカ合衆国大統領 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAs_president"
title="USAs president – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_i_USA"
title="President i USA – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQSh_Prezidenti"
title="AQSh Prezidenti – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km"><a
href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%89%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%85%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8B%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%85"
title="បញ្ចីរាយនាមប្រធានាធីបតីនៅសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិច – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km"
class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezydent_Stan%C3%B3w_Zjednoczonych"
title="Prezydent Stanów Zjednoczonych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_dos_Estados_Unidos"
title="Presidente dos Estados Unidos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre%C8%99edinte_al_Statelor_Unite_ale_Americii"
title="Președinte al Statelor Unite ale Americii – Romanian" lang="ro"
hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a
href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90"
title="Президент США – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preses_o_the_Unitit_States"
title="Preses o the Unitit States – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryetari_i_Shteteve_t%C3%AB_Bashkuara"
title="Kryetari i Shteteve të Bashkuara – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si"><a
href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F"
title="එක්සත් ජනපදයෙහි ජනාධිපතිවරයා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"
title="President of the United States – Simple English" lang="simple"
hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezident_Spojen%C3%BDch_%C5%A1t%C3%A1tov"
title="Prezident Spojených štátov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predsednik_Zdru%C5%BEenih_dr%C5%BEav_Amerike"
title="Predsednik Združenih držav Amerike – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><a
href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%A9_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86"
title="سەرۆک کۆماری ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a
href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0"
title="Председник Сједињених Америчких Држава – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски
/ srpski</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a
href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predsjednik_Sjedinjenih_Ameri%C4%8Dkih_Dr%C5%BEava"
title="Predsjednik Sjedinjenih Američkih Država – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdysvaltain_presidentti"
title="Yhdysvaltain presidentti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA:s_president"
title="USA:s president – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangulo_ng_Estados_Unidos"
title="Pangulo ng Estados Unidos – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a
href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D"
title="ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்காவின் குடியரசுத் தலைவர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a>
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<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt"><a
href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%9A%D0%A8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B"
title="АКШ президенты – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча/tatarça</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a
href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90"
title="ประธานาธิบดีสหรัฐ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a
href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Birle%C5%9Fik_Devletleri_ba%C5%9Fkan%C4%B1"
title="Amerika Birleşik Devletleri başkanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a
href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90"
title="Президент США – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a
href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7"
title="صدر ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%95ng_th%E1%BB%91ng_Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3"
title="Tổng thống Hoa Kỳ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical"><a
href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1" title="美國總統 – Classical Chinese"
lang="zh-classical" hreflang="zh-classical" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangulo_han_Estados_Unidos"
title="Mangulo han Estados Unidos – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1"
title="美國總統 – Wu Chinese" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu"
class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><a
href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%98_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%92%D7%98%D7%A2_%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%90%D7%98%D7%9F"
title="פרעזידענט פון די פאראייניגטע שטאטן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a>
</li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo"><a
href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80%C3%A0r%E1%BA%B9_il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80_Or%C3%ADl%E1%BA%B9%CC%80-%C3%A8d%C3%A8_Am%E1%BA%B9%CC%81r%C3%ADk%C3%A0"
title="Ààrẹ ilẹ̀ Orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1"
title="美國總統 – Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue"
class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F"
title="美国总统 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"
class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li>
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